The Spanish Caribbean Confederation: Modern Subjectivities and a Rhetoric of Failure

This essay explores Eugenio María de Hostos’s and Ramón E. Betances’s notions of modern subjectivities, in the context of Romantic narratives, to index the fractures of collective and communal nationalist imaginaries within the Caribbean Confederation. Hostos and Betances were champions of the Antillean Confederation’s idea, but one must wonder why two modern political thinkers recur to the representation of unsuccessful heroes in their fictional texts. Through literary rhetoric, Betances and Hostos proposed a modern subjectivity that could promote national unity and collective political solidarities. Yet, surprisingly, their literary characters are instead inserted in a discourse that verges on a rhetoric of failure that contradicts the positive modern impulse of national/regional constructions.

Eschatology

This chapter traces trends in nineteenth-century thought concerning eschatology and apocalypticism. Contrary to twentieth-century wisdom, eschatology was of central importance in nineteenth-century Christian consciousness and its philosophical inflections. Radical developments were seen in the doctrines of hell (whose eternal duration was increasingly questioned or rejected in favour of versions of apocatastasis) and the question of an imminent earthly messianic kingdom. Eschatological conceptions of history were secularized in Idealist and Romantic narratives of education and nationalist aspiration. In all these areas, the nineteenth-century eschatological consciousness was overwhelmingly one of continuity between earthly progress and transcendent continuation or fulfilment. This model of continuity began to be questioned in theology and biblical studies in the waning nineteenth century, and collapsed by the dawn of the First World War. Models of rupture now took its place, tendentiously projecting back onto the nineteenth century an ‘eschatological slumber’ from which only the twentieth century roused theology.

Conclusion

On the interchangeability of animals and humans in our romantic narratives.