Body Dissatisfaction and Its Association with Health-Related Factors in Rural and Urban Mexican Adolescents from the State of Jalisco

Background: To better understand Mexican adolescent’s body self-perception, this study aimed to analyze their body dissatisfaction (BD) levels according to sex and place of residence. We also aimed to explore differences in body composition (BC), physical fitness (PF), and physical activity (PA) between satisfied and dissatisfied adolescents and to find the associations between BD and these parameters. Methods: Cross-sectional, observational study carried out in Jalisco (Mexico) in which 451 adolescents (43.68% males, 43.90% rural) aged 13–17 years were evaluated. BD and self-perceived PF and PA were assessed with validated questionnaires, while objectively measured PF (strength, explosive strength, speed-agility, and cardiovascular fitness) was assessed using field tests. To evaluate BC, anthropometric measures and bioelectric impedance analysis were carried out. Regression analysis was used to ascertain the associations between health-related factors and body dissatisfaction. Results: Girls obtained higher scores on the BD questionnaire than boys (11.12 ± 3.13 vs. 10.33 ± 2.73; p < 0.05), whereas no geographical differences between rural and urban adolescents were found. BD was positively associated with higher fat mass (β = 0.15; p < 0.001), and negatively associated with muscle mass and PF (β = −0.24 and β = −0.23; p < 0.001). However, PA was not associated with any of the measured parameters. Conclusions: selected parameters of BC, PF, and sex have an impact on the Mexican adolescent’s body satisfaction levels and should be considered when designing future health policies.

Polymorphism of the ITGAM gene (rs7193943) and bioelectric impedance analysis as potential predictors of cachexia in chronic heart failure

Cardiac cachexia (CC) is an unfavorable metabolic syndrome leading to exacerbation of chronic heart failure (CHF) and a higher risk of death. The main factor contributing to the development of cachexia is the ongoing inflammatory process mediated by genes (e.g. Integrin Subunit Alpha M—ITGAM). The study aimed to assess the relationship between a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) -323G > A of the ITGAM and the occurrence of nutritional disorders in patients with CHF. 157 CHF patients underwent clinical and nutritional screening. Body composition was evaluated by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Patients with cachexia were characterized by significantly lower weight, body mass index (BMI), lower fat mass (FM), albumin, and hemoglobin. Lower values of BIA parameters: capacitance of membrane (Cm), phase angle (PA), and impedance ratio (Z200/Z5) were noted in women. Those patients demonstrated significantly higher values of creatinine, c-reactive protein (CRP), N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP). A significantly higher risk of cachexia was reported in patients: aged ≥ 74 years (OR 3.55), with renal failure (OR 3.75), New York Heart Association classification (NYHA) III-IV (OR 2.83), with moderate or severe malnutrition according to the score of subjective global assessment (SGA) (OR 19.01) and AA genotype of ITGAM gene (OR 2.03). Determination of the -323G > A SNP in the ITGAM may prove to be a useful marker (after confirmation in further studies and appropriate validation) in the assessment of the risk of nutritional disorders in patients with CHF.

Nutritional status of children with undernutrition

Objective. To assess nutritional status of children with undernutrition without chronic diseases.Patients and methods. Eighty one children without chronic diseases and with undernutrition aged 3 months to 17 years and 2 months, 41 boys (50.6 %), 40 girls (49.4 %), were examined. The anthropometry was assessed by WHO criteria. The complete blood count (n = 69), blood biochemistry (n = 62), insulin level and vitamin status were examined. Bioelectric impedance analysis (n = 58) and indirect respiratory calorimetry (n = 28) were performed. The food intake was assessed in 28 patients.Results. Mild undernutrition was diagnosed in 35 (43.2 %) children, moderate - in 30 (37 %), severe - in 16 (19,8 %) children. The stunting (Z-score height to age < -2) was revealed in 3 (3,7 %) children. Anemia was found in 4 (5.8 %) children, absolute lymphopenia - in 2 (2.9 %), hypoproteinemia in 8 (12.9 %), hypoalbuminemia - in 1 (1.5 %), hypocholesterolemia - in 7 (11.3 %), hypercholesterolemia - in 6 (9.7 %) children. None of children had hypoglycemia. Insulin was decreased in 9 (15.5 %) children. Deficiency of vitamin D was found in 11 (13.6 %) patients. Decrease of fat mass was found in 52 (89,7 %) patients, muscle mass - in 42 (72.4 %), active cell mass - in 18 (31 %), protein - in 37 (63.8 %), minerals - in 41 (70.7 %), total body water - in 36 (62.1 %) patients. Decrease of the phase angle (<4.4) was recorded in 13 (22,4 %) children. Resting energy expenditure was normal in 12 (42,8 %) patients. Carbohydrate oxidation rate was decreased in 20 (71,4 %) children, fat oxidation rate was increased in 15 (53,6 %), protein oxidation rate was normal in 15 (53,6 %) children. The food intake was characterized by low energy intake in 21 (75 %) children. Deficiency of protein, fat and carbohydrate intake were found in 42.9, 60.7 and 82.1 % patients, respectively. Low energy intake due to all macronutrients deficiency was revealed in 35.7 % children.Conclusion. Most children with undernutrition without chronic diseases have a decrease in fat and muscle body components, low energy value of diet and imbalance of macronutrients. Changes in resting metabolism were also revealed.

Bioelectric Impedance Analysis Test Improves the Detection of Prostate Cancer in Biopsy Candidates: A Multifeature Decision Support System

Prostate cancer (PCa) gold-standard diagnosis relies on prostate biopsy, which is currently overly recommended since other available noninvasive tools such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA) multiparametric MRI (mMRI) showed low diagnostic accuracy or high costs, respectively. The aim of the study was to determine the accuracy of a novel Bioelectric Impedance Analysis (BIA) test endorectal probe for the selection of patients candidate to prostate biopsy and in particular the clinical value of three different parameters such as resistance (R), reactance (Xc), and phase angle (PA) degree. One-hundred twenty-three consecutive candidates to prostate biopsy and 40 healthy volunteers were enrolled. PSA and PSA density (PSAD) determinations, Digital Rectal Examination (DRE), and the novel BIA test were analyzed in patients and controls. A 16-core prostate biopsy was performed after a mMRI test. The study endpoints were to determine accuracy of BIA test in comparison with PSA, PSAD levels, and mMRI and obtain prostate cancer (PCa) prediction by BIA test. The Mann-Whitney U-test, the Wilkoxon rank test, and the Holm-Bonferroni’s method were adopted for statistical analyses, and a computational approach was also applied to differentiate patients with PCa from those with benign disease. Combined PSA, PSAD, DRE, and trans-rectal ultrasound test failed to discern patients with PCa from those with benign disease (62.86% accuracy). mMRI PIRADS ≥3 showed a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 59%. The accuracy in discerning PCa increased up to 75% by BIA test (sensitivity 63.33% and specificity 83.75%). The novel finger probe BIA test is a cheap and reliable test that may help to improve clinical multifeature noninvasive diagnosis for PCa and reduce unnecessary biopsies.

The influence of fasting and carbohydrate-enriched drink administration on body water amount and distribution: a volunteer randomized study

Background Fasting prior to anesthesia is considered aspiration prophylaxis. However, prolonged food and drink restrictions may increase the risk of other complications. The aim of this study was to assess whether a carbohydrate-enriched drink (Nutricia™ preOp®), recommended by the enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol, can improve body hydration in fasting healthy individuals. Methods Measurements were done with the bioelectric impedance analysis with a Fresenius body composition monitor. Body composition, total body water, water distribution, and hemodynamic parameters were measured at the beginning of the study and after 10 h and 12 h of fasting. Patients fasted for 10 h and then were divided into two groups: the control (n = 40) and the pre-op group (n = 41). The pre-op group received 400 mL of Nutricia™ preOp®, as suggested in the ERAS guidance. The two-tailed Student’s t test was used to compare two groups with normally distributed data and homogenous variances; if variances were heterogeneous, Welch’s test was used. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare two groups with non-normal data distribution. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results We found no significant differences between the control and pre-op groups regarding body water distribution and body composition. We did not observe significant losses in the total body water after fasting. Also, blood pressure was not affected by fasting. Conclusion We have proven that pre-op did not impact either body composition or body water. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04665349. Registered on 11 December 2020—retrospectively registered.

Skeletal muscle mass index by bioelectrical impedance analysis of self-supporting adults aged 60 years

Data on the prevalence of sarcopenia may differ in the same population depending on the reference values used. It is recommended to have reference values obtained from the same population. In Colombia, skeletal muscle mass (SMM) parameters are scarce. The objective was to establish normal values for the skeletal muscle mass index (SMMI) and reference values for loss of muscle mass through bioelectric impedance analysis to improve the diagnosis of sarcopenia in the region. This study involved 237 healthy community-dwelling adults over 60 years old. The cut-off values for diagnosis of loss of muscle mass were stablished as the mean -2SD of the population evaluated. The group included 141 females and 96 males. The mean of SMMI were 7.5 ± 0.7 and 9.6 ± 0.8 kg/m2 for women and men, respectively. The cut-off thresholds for low SMMI were 6.1 kg/m2 and 8.0 kg/m2 in females and males. The SMMI values of the self-support elderly found in this study are useful to determine when people have a muscle mass within normal limits and when they could be at risk of or have sarcopenia. Further studies from different regions of this high-rate biodiversity country are recommended to obtain national reference values.

Somatic Characteristics and Special Motor Fitness of Young Top-Level Polish Table Tennis Players

In the present study, we aimed to identify the impact of chosen anthropometric measurements on the special physical fitness of elite junior table tennis players at different stages of sport training. A total of 87 table tennis players aged 13.4 ± 1.74 years (43.7% girls and 56.3% boys) from two Polish teams were analyzed. The anthropometry measurements included height, sitting height, body weight, arm span, humerus and femur breadths, five skinfold thicknesses, and five girths were assessed. Participants’ somatotypes were also calculated using the Heath–Carter method as well as body mass index (BMI), which was constructed using the lambda, mu, sigma (LMS) method. Body composition via a bioelectric impedance analysis was also analyzed. The level of special fitness of athletes was determined using tests from the Table Tennis Specific Battery Test, assessing reaction and displacement speeds. Mesomorphic (4.1) and ectomorphic (3.8) profiles were registered for boys and girls, respectively. Boys achieved higher scores than girls for almost all variables, with the exception of ectomorphic somatotype (p = 0.274), skinfold triceps (p = 0.444), and calf skinfold medial (p = 0.609). The relationship between the body height, thickness of the skinfolds of the triceps and suprailiac, biceps, and waist circumference and arm span in all three motor tests was observed, simultaneously significantly higher results were obtained by competitors at the specialist stage of training. Knowledge of the somatic and motor characteristics of young athletes can help coaches in creating a specific training program for improved health and performance, taking into consideration the athletes’ biological development, potential, and pre-disposition.

Assessment of Body Composition in Athletes: A Narrative Review of Available Methods with Special Reference to Quantitative and Qualitative Bioimpedance Analysis

Body composition is acknowledged as a determinant of athletic health and performance. Its assessment is crucial in evaluating the efficiency of a diet or aspects related to the nutritional status of the athlete. Despite the methods traditionally used to assess body composition, bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) and bioelectric impedance vector analysis (BIVA) have recently gained attention in sports, as well as in a research context. Only until recently have specific regression equations and reference tolerance ellipses for athletes become available, while specific recommendations for measurement procedures still remain scarce. Therefore, the present narrative review summarizes the current literature regarding body composition analysis, with a special focus on BIA and BIVA. The use of specific technologies and sampling frequencies is described, and recommendations for the assessment of body composition in athletes are provided. Additionally, the estimation of body composition parameters (i.e., quantitative analysis) and the interpretation of the raw bioelectrical data (i.e., qualitative analysis) are examined, highlighting the innovations now available in athletes. Lastly, it should be noted that, up until 2020, the use of BIA and BIVA in athletes failed to provide accurate results due to unspecific equations and references; however, new perspectives are now unfolding for researchers and practitioners. In light of this, BIA and especially BIVA can be utilized to monitor the nutritional status and the seasonal changes in body composition in athletes, as well as provide accurate within- and between-athlete comparisons.

Relationship between skeletal muscle mass with metabolic syndrome in Chinese elders

Background: The association between regional skeletal muscle mass and metabolic syndrome (MetS) remains unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate these associations with MetS risk among Chinese elders.Methods: On the basis of health check-up program, a case-control study was performed among participants over 65 years of age, 250 MetS participants were identified and 750 healthy subjects were randomly selected as controls. Skeletal muscle mass was estimated via bioelectric impedance analysis. Muscle mass of each region was standardized by weight to obtain its muscle mass index. Conditional logistic regression models and restricted cubic spline models were implemented to evaluate the associations between MetS and the muscle mass in different regions.Results: As compared the highest category with the lowest category, leg muscle mass index (LMI) (OR = 0.12; 95%CI: 0.05, 0.32; P for trend < 0.001), trunk muscle mass index (TMI) (OR = 0.11; 95%CI: 0.04, 0.29; P for trend < 0.001) and skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) (OR = 0.11; 95%CI: 0.04, 0.29; P for trend < 0.001) were inversely associated with MetS risk after adjusting for age, gender, duration of education, exercise, smoking status, alcohol drinking status, total energy intake, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, serum fasting glucose and lipid profiles. Dose-response analysis showed that per standard deviation increment of LMI (OR = 0.45; 95%CI: 0.34, 0.58; P for trend < 0.001), TMI (OR = 0.39; 95%CI: 0.28, 0.53; P for trend < 0.001) and SMI (OR = 0.29; 95%CI: 0.19, 0.43; P for trend < 0.001) were inversely associated with MetS risk, respectively.Conclusion: The present results showed that higher LMI, TMI and SMI were associated with the low risk of MetS in Chinese elders.