Hazard Level of Slum Areas in Palembang City

The study aimed to identify the hazard level distribution in the slum areas in Palembang City. The research was a quantitative type with 382 families that live in the slums as the samples. The data were collected using proportional area random sampling and analyzed using the K-means Cluster test through SPSS 23. Spatial analysis through Arcgis was conducted to complete the understanding of the hazard distribution in the slum areas. The results showed that the hazard clusters formed by 64 areas could be categorized into three: low, medium, high. High level of hazards, reaching the one-third portion of the areas, dominated the slums in Palembang City. The cluster with a high hazard level was mostly in the city center, which was geographically located on the riverbanks, causing the areas to be vulnerable to flood, diseases, and crimes. The city center was known to offer high numbers of the job vacancy. People in the slums working in the city center were day laborers.

Effects of anthropic changes on the propagation of the Gleno dam break wave in the Valle Camonica floodplain

<p>The catastrophic flood following the Gleno dam break, which occurred in 1923, has been investigated in the literature (Pilotti et al., 2011, Milanesi and Pilotti, 2021) considering the 20 km long steep alpine valley separating the dam location from the hamlet of Corna. In this contribution, we investigate the propagation of the flood wave from Corna, where the computed hydrograph from previous investigation provides the upstream boundary condition, as far as the Lake Iseo outlet in Sarnico, where two controversial documents attest its effect on the lakeshore. In the middle, the flood crossed 30 km of a wide pre-alpine floodplain that has been deeply modified over the last century  and crossed 25 km of a deep lake.</p><p>The simulation has been accomplished by coupling 2 different 2D solver of the Shallow Water Equations: the well-known HEC-RAS 2D software was used to cover the floodplain from Corna up to the Lake Iseo inlet, while a finite volume scheme was used to simulate the lake behaviour in response to the incoming flood. The finite volume scheme used to model the lake is based on the WAF solver developed by Toro (Toro, 2001) and further adapted to account for the geometry of lake Iseo using an unstructured mesh. The scheme used retains shock-capturing capabilities and well-balanced properties able to withstand the constantly changing bathymetry of the lake as well as the unsteadiness of the hydrodynamics modelled. As a first step, the simulation was performed on the topography derived from the LIDAR DTM surveyed in 2008-2009. A computational mesh was built with average grid size of 10 m aligned in correspondence of levees and other singularities. This first simulation dramatically shows how the propagation of the flood wave was affected by the presence of linear structures such as levees and road embankments, absent in 1923 as shown by historical maps. For this purpose, the linear structure that affect the flow was removed from the 2008-2009 DTM and a second simulation was performed in order to compare the different flow hydrograph at the inlet of the lake.</p><p>An important fallout of the modeling effort is the reconstruction of the 1923 original bathymetry of the river in Valle Camonica, to be compared with the present one, affected by 100 years of river training works. The comparison of the flood propagation using the two bathymetries highlights the consequences of systematic hydraulic works on the hazard distribution for the same event. Paradoxically, the residual risk is now much higher than 100 years ago. Moreover, the simulations show that the claim of a 50 cm high bore at the inlet of the Oglio river is unsubstantiated by the model results and that an important request of damages was probably based on a false statement.</p>

Lava flow hazard map of Piton de la Fournaise volcano

Piton de la Fournaise, situated on La Réunion Island (France), is one of the most active hot spot basaltic shield volcanoes worldwide, experiencing at least two eruptions per year since the establishment of the observatory in 1979. Eruptions are typically fissure-fed and form extensive lava flow fields. About 95 % of some ~250 historical events (since the first confidently dated eruption in 1708) have occurred inside an uninhabited horse-shoe shaped caldera (hereafter referred to as the Enclos) which is open to the ocean on its eastern side. Rarely (12 times since the 18th century), fissures have opened outside of the Enclos where housing units, population centers and infrastructure are at risk. In such a situation, lava flow hazard maps are a useful way of visualizing lava flow inundation probabilities over large areas. Here, we present a lava flow hazard map for Piton de la Fournaise volcano based on: i) vent distribution, ii) statistics of lava flow lengths, iii) lava flow recurrence times, and iv) simulations of lava flow paths across multi-temporal (i.e., regularly updated) topography using the DOWNFLOW stochastic numerical model. A map of the entire volcano highlights that the most probable (up to 12 %) location for future lava flow inundation is within the Enclos, where about 100,000 visitors are present each year. Hazard distribution changes throughout the analysis period due to the high frequency of eruptions that constantly modifies the vent opening distribution as well as the topography and the lava flow dimensional characteristics. Outside of the Enclos, probabilities reach 0.5 % along the well-defined rift zones and, although hazard occurrence in inhabited areas is deemed to be very low (

A new class of activation functions. Some related problems and applications

The cumulative distribution function (cdf) of the discrete two--parameter bathtub hazard distribution has important role in the fields of population dynamics, reliability analysis and life testing experiments. Also of interest to the specialists is the task of approximating the Heaviside function by new (cdf) in Hausdorff sense. We define new activation function and family of new recurrence generated functions and study the ''saturation'' by these families. In this paper we analyze some intrinsic properties of the new Topp-Leone-G-Family with baseline ''deterministic-type'' (cdf) - (NTLG-DT). Some numerical examples with real data from Biostatistics, Population dynamics and Signal theory, illustrating our results are given. It is shown that the study of the two characteristics - "confidential curves" and ''super saturation'' is a must when choosing the right model. Some related problems are discussed, as an example to the Approximation Theory.

Mapping of Landslide Hazard Distribution in Alo Watershed Gorontalo Regency

Landslide occurrence can be influenced by physical factors and human activities. Thus, research related to the provision of information about landslide distribution in Alo watershed is needed as a basis in enhancing community preparedness in dealing with disasters. The method used in this study is the scoring method based on the Minister of Public Works Regulation No.22 / PRT / M / 2017 which is processed through a geographical information system through the overlay of all physical parameters. The result shows that the Alo watershed area is divided into three vulnerability categories. "Low" category covers 7171.8 ha, "medium" category covers 12008.7 ha, and "high" category covers 5039.5 ha out of 24.221 ha the total area of Alo watershed. Information provided in this research is expected to be able to help the local government in making policies in managing the Alo watershed area and enhancing the understanding of the local community in Alo watershed in dealing with disasters.

PEMETAAN RISIKO BENCANA TANAH LONGSOR SEBAGAI UPAYA MITIGASI DI KOTA PAGAR ALAM

The practice of land-use change that occurs in the city of Pagar Alam is an impact of economic growth. Its existence located at an altitude of 315.9 - 3150.9 masl and the type of wet-very wet climate is a driving factor for the occurrence of landslides so that it can harm the material and even fatalities. The purpose of this study is to analyze the distribution of hazards, vulnerabilities, capacities, and risks of landslides. The research method used is a quantitative survey and descriptive analysis using a GIS approach. The results of overlaying parameters according to their respective weights show that, the percentage of landslide hazard distribution with index 0-0.33 covering 289.25 km2 (46%), index 0.34-0.66 covering 243.25 km2 (38%), and index 0.67-1 covering 100.72 km2 (16%). Vulnerability index from 0.67 to 0.68 as many as 3 districts administered and index from 0.59 to 0.68 as many as 32 districts administered. While the index capacity of 0.33 is 16 districts administered and 19 districts administered have a capacity index of 0.67. The percentage of moderate landslide disaster risk distribution is 10% and 90% with a high-risk class.