The Apparent Displacement Method as a Tool in Leveling Data Processing Applied for Validated Determination of Ground Deformation

Area of Inowrocław town is considered as tectonically active due to halotectonic movement of salt dipair situated there. The geodetic surveys carried out for the determination of terrain surface deformations over the years revealed characteristics of the movement. The evaluated vertical displacements based on measurements of benchmarks show different characteristics, depending on distant points assumed as reference benchmarks. This raises problems in analysis, interpretation of the results and decision makings in master planning. The authors demonstrate a method of adjustment calculations that minimize the inconsistencies between previously elaborated heights and inconsistencies of points considered as stabile benchmarks. Thanks to the new approach the point considered as reference were recognized as unstable. And for the others more consistent values of the displacements were obtained: several benchmarks demonstrated higher difference of displacement values in compare to the initial approach in adjustments ranging in the interval of –9 mm – +3 mm.

How has the Court of Justice changed its management and approach towards the social acquis?

Social Europe – Case law of the Court of Justice – ‘Real’ and ‘apparent’ displacement – Court’s interpretive task more complex and contested – Directives based on ‘flexicurity’ policy – Cases in which workers have competing interests, e.g. age discrimination – Viking and Laval – Re-framing of employers’ interests as fundamental rights under Article 16 EU Charter – Declining relevance of the Court in labour law – Challenges for EU labour lawyers

A concept for the examination of reference points stability in horizontal control networks

This paper presents a concept for the identification of stable reference points used in horizontal control networks, which is based on the lengths of apparent displacement vectors and their mean errors. These vectors and their mean errors are obtained during the process of calculating displacements with free adjustment conditions. It will be shown that the influence of the apparent displacement vectors has a significant effect on the calculation of results. The identification of stable points, using the proposed method, is an integral part of the adjustment process and allows for the interrogation the influence of individual point inclusion or deletion from the reference database, on the values of displacements of controlled points. A detailed process of stable reference points identification is presented using the example of a linear-angular network for a barrage.

A method for estimating apparent displacement vectors from time-lapse seismic images

Reliable estimates of vertical, inline, and crossline components of apparent displacements in time-lapse seismic images are difficult to obtain for two reasons. First, features in 3D seismic images tend to be locally planar, and components of displacement within the planes of such features are poorly resolved. Second, searching directly for peaks in 3D crosscorrelations is less robust, more complicated, and computationally more costly than searching for peaks of 1D crosscorrelations. I estimate all three components of displacement with a process designed to mitigate these two problems. I address the first problem by computing for each image sample a local phase correlation instead of a local crosscorrelation. I address the second problem with a cyclic sequence of searches for peaks of correlations computed for lags constrained to one of the three image axes.