Хлорорганические пестициды (ХОП) в морских птицах и млекопитающих Охотского и Берингова морей

В главе приведены результаты определения изомеров ГХЦГ, ДДТ и его метаболитов в органах морских птиц (Larus schistisagus, Aethia cristatella, Aethia pusilla, Fulmarus glacialis, Oceanodroma furcata) и морских млекопитающих (Eschrichtius robustus, Odobenus rosmarus divergens) из Охотского и Берингова морей. Показано, что видовые особенности аккумуляции липофильных ксенобиотиков в значительной степени обусловлены характером пищи и общим содержанием жира в органах. Ключевые слова: ГХЦГ; ДДТ; морские птицы; морские млекопитающие; Охотское море; Берингово море.

Fitting in with the crowd: the role of prospecting in seabird behavioural trends

Prebreeding, subadult seabirds have been documented prospecting or visiting multiple sites throughout the breeding season to gather information on colony reproductive success, identify suitable habitat, evaluate prey abundance, and locate potential partners; however, many aspects of prospector biology remain unknown. We explored prospector behaviour as a means of furthering our understanding of postnatal seabird dispersal and colony attendance using Least Auklets (Aethia pusilla (Pallas, 1811)) and Crested Auklets (Aethia cristatella (Pallas, 1769)) breeding at Gareloi Island, Alaska, in 2014 and 2015. We recorded age class, length of time spent on the colony, and behaviour for individuals attending a study plot over the course of two breeding seasons. Although prospectors typically spent more time on the colony surface than adults, prospectors rarely socialized with conspecifics during their visits to the colony, possibly due to the absence of a citrus-like feather odour used in olfactory communication. Additionally, we found substantial differences between observed and predicted data between years, demonstrating that other factors (likely prey abundance or quality) influenced behaviour in 2015. Our results suggest that the collective knowledge of seabird prospecting behaviour is not necessarily transferable between taxa and there may be a range of strategies employed by prospectors when assessing colonies.

Hexachlorocyclohexane and DDT in marine organisms from the Bering and the Okhotsk Seas

Organochlorine pesticides (HCHs and DDT) are harmful and toxic substances affected biota. HCHs and DDT are still used as pesticides in the Southern Hemisphere and from there can reach the North Pacific due to atmospheric transfer. Isomers of HCH and DDT and their metabolites were detected in organs of some marine mammals ( Eschrichtius robustus, Odobenus rosmarus divergens ) from the Bering Sea; the maximum concentration was found in the walrus liver (90263 ng/g lipids). To trace these pollutants spreading in the Okhotsk Sea, the seabirds (Pacific gull Larus schistisagus, crested auklet Aethia cristatella, auklet crumb Aethia pusilla, northern fulmar Fulmarus glacialis, and grey petrel Oceanodroma furcata ) and fishes (pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbusсha and chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta ) were sampled; the pesticides concentration in the birds tissues ranges from 29 ng/g lipids in plume of the fulmar to 16095 ng/g lipids in plume and skin of the auklet and in the salmons tissues - from 220-330 ng/g lipids for the pink salmon to 550-790 ng/g lipids for the chum salmon (both fish species were caught at Kuril Islands).