Morphometric and Metabolic Disorders in the Bone Tissue of Laboratory Rats with Chronic Toxic Hepatitis

The development of osteodystrophy in diseases of the hepatobiliary system is a known fact, but the mechanism of the formation of metabolic disorders in bone tissue in liver pathology is not fully understood. The purpose of the study was to study morphological and biochemical changes in the bone tissue of female and male rats during the modeling of chronic toxic hepatitis. Materials and methods. Modeling of toxic hepatitis was carried out on 1 month old male and female Wistar rats by intraperitoneal injection of hydrazine sulfate 50 mg / kg twice a week for 3 months. The experiment was conducted in accordance with the norms and principles of the EU Council Directive on the protection of vertebrates used for scientific purposes. Morphometric measurements (density, content of mineral-organic, mineral and organic components) were carried out on the femurs and the last lumbar vertebra. Elastase activity, acidic phosphatase (indicators of bone resorption); alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium content (indicators of the synthesis of new bone tissue) were determined in homogenates of the bone tissue of the jaws and femur. The mineralizing index was calculated from the ratio of the activities of acidic phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase. Results and discussion. A decrease in the quantities organic matrix with a preserved intensity savings of bone tissue mineral parts in females and a decrease intensity in bone tissue mineralization in males under the influence of toxic hepatitis were found. Biochemical studies of bone tissue showed the activation of the destruction of the protein matrix of the bone, the intensification of mineralization in females, as well as the activation of hydrolysis of hydroxyapatite, along with a decrease in the level of calcium in the bone tissue of animals of both sexes against the background of modeling of chronic toxic hepatitis. Conclusion. The studies carried out have established multidirectional disorders of the metabolism and structure of bone tissue in males and females, induced by prolonged administration of hydrazine sulfate: in females, suppression of the formation of an organic matrix with a preserved intensity of bone mineralization, and in males, a decrease in bone mineralization against the background of a slightly increased intensity of synthesis of the organic component. The established patterns made it possible to reduce the negative effect of Hydrazine Sulfate on the protein metabolism of rat bone tissue, indirectly through the metabolism of estrogens. The results of our study provided experimental justification for the development of a scheme for the Prevention of osteodystrophic conditions in conditions of chronic exposure to toxins or impaired liver function

The Use of Hydrogen Peroxide and Hydrazine Sulfate for Removal of Chromium from Electroplating Effluents

The use of hydrogen peroxide and hydrazine sulfate for the treatment of chrome-containing rinsing waters of galvanic production of machine-building enterprises is proposed. The process of reducing chromium (6+) to (3+) from rinsing waters with a concentration of 8.55 mg/dm3 was studied. These reagents allow reducing more than 99% of chromium (6+) to chromium (3+) and maintaining a low salt content of treated wastewater. The consumption of hydrogen peroxide is 1.5 mg/dm3, and the consumption of hydrazine sulfate is 10 mg/dm3. The current situation in the treatment of galvanic wastewater leads to pollution of the environment with dangerous substances (CN-, Cr6+, F-, Cd2+), irrational use of raw materials and significant economic losses. The possibility of extracting valuable components from wastewater, in order to recycle them and return the treated water to production, is considered. Hydrogen peroxide is effective for treating acidic wastewater, and hydrazine sulfate can be used for both acidic and alkaline wastewater. Removal of excess hydrogen peroxide from the solution after reduction of chromium (6+) before precipitation of chromium (3+) hydroxide is required. The toxicity of hydrazine compounds must be taken into account.

New Bioadsorbent Derived from Winemaking Waste Cluster Stalks: Application to the Removal of Toxic Cr(VI) from Liquid Effluents

A winemaking waste was used as a precursor of activated carbon used for the removal of hazardous Cr(VI) from solutions. The preparation process consisted of a hydrothermal process and a chemical activation of the resulting product, with KOH. The adsorption results show that the adsorption of Cr(VI) on the obtained activated carbon is strongly dependent on the stirring speed applied to the carbon/solution mixture, pH of the solution, and temperature. The equilibrium isotherm was well fitted to the Langmuir Type-II equation, whereas the kinetic can be described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Thermodynamic studies revealed that Cr(VI) adsorption was an exothermic and spontaneous process. Finally, desorption experiments showed that Cr(VI) was effectively desorbed using hydrazine sulfate solutions, and, at the same time, the element was reduced to the less hazardous Cr(III) oxidation state.

New Bioadsorbent Derived from Winemaking Waste Cluster Stalks: Application to the Removal of Toxic Cr(VI) from Liquid Effluents

A winemaking waste was used as a precursor of activated carbon used in hazardous Cr(VI) removal from solutions. The preparation process consisted of a hydrothermal process, and a chemical activation, of the resulting product, with KOH. The adsorption results showed that the adsorption of Cr(VI) on the obtained activated carbon is strongly dependent on the stirring speed applied to the carbon/solution mixture, pH of the solution, and temperature. The equilibrium isotherm was well fitted to the Langmuir type-II equation, whereas the kinetic can be described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Thermodynamic studies revealed that Cr(VI) adsorption was an exothermic and spontaneous process. Finally, desorption experiments showed that Cr(VI) was effectively desorbed using hydrazine sulfate solutions, and at the same time, the element was reduced to the less hazardous Cr(III) oxidation state.

PHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF TOTAL PHOSPHORUS IN CERTAIN FOOD PRODUCTS

A method for determining the total phosphorus content in foods containing food additives of pyrophosphates and polyphosphates (E 450, E339, E452) is proposed. The reaction of formation of a reduced form of phosphormolybdenum heteropolyacid was used. As a reducing agent, a solution of hydrazine sulfate was used as a reagent that provides high sensitivity of determination . The objects of analysis were: chicken meat Roll "Snezana", processed Cheese "Cheeseburger", Instant coffee "Nescafe Gold Crema," containing food additives of pyrophosphates and polyphosphates (E 450,E339, E452). The correctness of the obtained results was confirmed by the method of additives.

Electrochemical Properties of Nitrogen and Oxygen Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide

Carbon nanostructures are promising electrode materials for energy storage devices because of their unique physical and chemical properties. Modification of the surface improves the electrochemical properties of those materials because of the changes in morphology, diffusion properties, and inclusion of additional contributions to redox processes. Oxygen-containing functional groups and nitrogen doped into the carbon matrix significantly contribute to the electrochemical behavior of reduced graphite oxide (RGO). In this work, RGO was synthesized during hydrothermal treatment of graphite oxide with a hydrazine sulfate aqueous solution. Different amounts of hydrazine sulfate were used to synthesize RGO with different nitrogen contents in the structure, and the same synthesis conditions made it possible to obtain a material with a similar composition of oxygen-containing functional groups. The materials with different nitrogen concentrations and similar amounts of oxygen were compared as electrode materials for a supercapacitor and as a negative electrode material for a Li-ion battery. It was shown that the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups has the greatest influence on the behavior and efficiency of supercapacitor electrode materials, while nitrogen atoms embedded in the graphene lattice play the largest role in lithium intercalation.