Bacterial Communities of Lab and Field Northern House Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) Throughout Diapause

Diapause is a hormonally driven response which is triggered by environmental cues that signal impending adverse conditions and prompts metabolic, developmental, and behavioral changes to allow survival until the return of favorable conditions. Microbial symbionts have been shown to influence the metabolism, development, and behavior of their host organisms, all of which are common diapause-associated characteristics. Surveys of bacterial components in relation to diapause have been examined in few systems, of which the species are usually inactive during dormancy, such as eggs or pupae. This is specifically intriguing as adult female diapause in Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) can last between 4 and 7 mo and females remain mobile within their hibernacula. Furthermore, it is unknown how microbiota changes associated with prolonged dormancy are different between the lab and field for insect systems. This study aims to characterize how the microbiota of C. pipiens changes throughout diapause under both field and lab settings when provided identical food and water resources. Based on these studies, C. pipiens microbiota shifts as diapause progresses and there are considerable differences between field and lab individuals even when provided the same carbohydrate and water sources. Specific bacterial communities have more association with different periods of diapause, field and lab rearing conditions, and nutritional reserve levels. These studies highlight that diapausing mosquito microbiota studies ideally should occur in field mesocosms and at multiple locations, to increase applicability to wild C. pipiens as prolonged exposure to artificial rearing conditions could impact metrics related to diapause-microbiome interactions. Additionally, these findings suggest that it would be worthwhile to establish if the microbiota shift during diapause impacts host physiology and whether this shift is critical to diapause success.

Present era of drug safety in India: An overview

Introduction: Common Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR), evaluated by drug clinical trial studies, whereas an individual or specific population might suffer reactions after prolonged dormancy. Pharmacovigilance (PV) is a scientific investigation dealing with and keeping regular vigil on the drugs being used. Methods: The Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC) and other regulatory authorities like a National Coordination Committee (NCC) via the Central Drug Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) manage PV activity in synchronicity. Indian Pharmacovigilance (PV) system requires carving, therefore the Pharmacovigilance Program of India (PvPI) was enforced by the government in the year 2010, relying on exact ADR detection, evaluation, and reporting. Results: Thus, several regional, zonal and peripheral centers are developed for ADR reporting. Clinicians, Nurses, laypersons, pharmacists, and other healthcare professionals can fill ADR reporting forms online or offline at the nearest centers in suitable languages. Additionally, a toll-free number and mobile app could be used for reporting ADR. Every reported ADR gets collected and processed at the centers through Vigi-flow software, which detects and assesses the signal strength reported at CDSCO and World Health Organisation (WHO) for the required regulatory action. Conclusions: The final decision of CDSCO-WHO is passed by a suitable media source for the advancement of society's health.

A New Measurement Model to Estimate the Intensity of Acrotony on the Latent Buds of Grapevine Canes (Vitis vinifera L.)

In warm regions, such as in southern Greece, the climate change can lead to prolonged dormancy as well as to problems in bud dormancy (delay in breaking time, reduce the rate of budbreak, intensity of the phenomenon of acrotony, grapevine bud fall, disorders in bloom with intense blossom dropping, etc.), with a significant impact on the production of the vines. In these areas, it is necessary to apply chemical substances in order to break the dormancy and advance budbreak, especially when it comes to new table grape varieties, most of which are seedless. Another phenomenon which is observed on grapevines and is directly associated with budbreak is acrotony, where the apical buds of the cane break first compared to the middle and basal ones. Acrotony can constitute a problem because it can cause irregular grape ripening, different timing of various activities in the vineyard, which brings about higher cultivation costs. In this research, a new method to measure and evaluate the acrotony and its intensity on the latent buds of grapevine canes was described. The results of two chemical substances applied on table grape variety ‘Prime’ in order to advance budbreak were presented. ********* In press - Online First. Article has been peer reviewed, accepted for publication and published online without pagination. It will receive pagination when the issue will be ready for publishing as a complete number (Volume 47, Issue 3, 2019). The article is searchable and citable by Digital Object Identifier (DOI). DOI link will become active after the article will be included in the complete issue. *********