How much Io material reaches Europa?

<p>The plasma interaction with Io’s atmosphere results in at least a ton per second of escaping neutrals. Most of these neutrals supply extended neutral clouds along Io's orbit  and eventually become ionized and accelerated to corotation with Jupiter, populating the Io plasma torus as well as spreading out to fill Jupiter’s vast magnetosphere. About half to two-thirds of the plasma torus ions charge-exchange with the extended neutral clouds  and leave the torus as energetic neutral atoms, passing Europa’s orbit. Energetic neutrals are also produced directly in the plasma-atmosphere interaction, escaping with sufficient speed to reach Europa’s orbit before being ionized. The iogenic ions that are accelerated to high energies in the middle magnetosphere ultimately move back inward, again crossing Europa’s orbit. We present estimates of the fluxes of these various iogenic populations and how much oxygen, sulfur and sodium might be hitting Europa.</p>

Local star formation triggered by SN shocks in magnetized diffuse neutral clouds

Considering that the main source of turbulence in the ISM medium are the explosions of supernovae (SNe), we explore here the role of SN shock front interactions with clouds on the star formation triggering in presence and in absence of magnetic field.