electrochemical promotion of catalysis
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Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1276
Author(s):  
Angel Caravaca ◽  
Jesús González-Cobos ◽  
Philippe Vernoux

The phenomenon of “Non-Faradaic Electrochemical Modification of Catalytic Activity (NEMCA)” or “Electrochemical Promotion of Catalysis (EPOC)” has been extensively studied for the last decades. Its main strength, with respect to conventionally promoted catalytic systems, is its capability to modify in-situ the activity and/or selectivity of a catalyst by controlling the supply and removal of promoters upon electrical polarization. Previous reviews have summarized the main achievements in this field from both the scientific and technological points of view. However, to this date no commercial application of the EPOC phenomenon has been developed, although numerous advances have been made on the application of EPOC on catalyst nanostructures (closer to those employed in conventional catalytic systems), and on the development of scaled-up reactors suitable for EPOC application. The main bottleneck for EPOC commercialization is likely the choice of the right chemical process. Therefore, from our point of view, future efforts should focus on coupling the latest EPOC advances with the chemical processes where the EPOC phenomenon offers a competitive advantage, either from an environmental, a practical or an economic point of view. In this article, we discuss some of the most promising cases published to date and suggest future improvement strategies. The considered processes are: (i) ethylene epoxidation with environmentally friendly promoters, (ii) NOx storage and reduction under constant reaction atmosphere, (iii) CH4 steam reforming with in-situ catalyst regeneration, (iv) H2 production, storage and release under fixed temperature and pressure, and (v) EPOC-enhanced electrolysers.


Catalysts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis V. Yentekakis ◽  
Philippe Vernoux ◽  
Grammatiki Goula ◽  
Angel Caravaca

Recent studies have shown that the catalytic performance (activity and/or selectivity) of Pt-group metal (PGM) catalysts for the CO and hydrocarbons oxidation as well as for the (CO, HCs or H2)-SCR of NOx or N2O can be remarkably affected through surface-induced promotion by successful application of electropositive promoters, such as alkalis or alkaline earths. Two promotion methodologies were implemented for these studies: the Electrochemical Promotion of Catalysis (EPOC) and the Conventional Catalysts Promotion (CCP). Both methodologies were in general found to achieve similar results. Turnover rate enhancements by up to two orders of magnitude were typically achievable for the reduction of NOx by hydrocarbons or CO, in the presence or absence of oxygen. Subsequent improvements (ca. 30–60 additional percentage units) in selectivity towards N2 were also observed. Electropositively promoted PGMs were also found to be significantly more active for CO and hydrocarbons oxidations, either when these reactions occur simultaneously with deNOx reactions or not. The aforementioned direct (via surface) promotion was also found to act synergistically with support-mediated promotion (structural promotion); the latter is typically implemented in TWCs through the complex (Ce–La–Zr)-modified γ-Al2O3 washcoats used. These attractive findings prompt to the development of novel catalyst formulations for a more efficient and cost-effective control of the emissions of automotives and stationary combustion processes. In this report the literature findings in the relevant area are summarized, classified and discussed. The mechanism and the mode of action of the electropositive promoters are consistently interpreted with all the observed promoting phenomena, by means of indirect (kinetics) and direct (spectroscopic) evidences.


Catalysts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasmine M. Hajar ◽  
Balaji Venkatesh ◽  
Elena A. Baranova

Electrochemical promotion of catalysis (EPOC) was investigated for methane complete oxidation over palladium nano-structured catalysts deposited on yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) solid electrolyte. The catalytic rate was evaluated at different temperatures (400, 425 and 450 °C), reactant ratios and polarization values. The electrophobic behavior of the catalyst, i.e., reaction rate increase upon anodic polarization was observed for all temperatures and gas compositions with an apparent Faradaic efficiency as high as 3000 (a current application as low as 1 μA) and maximum rate enhancement ratio up to 2.7. Temperature increase resulted in higher enhancement ratios under closed-circuit conditions. Electrochemical promotion experiments showed persistent behavior, where the catalyst remained in the promoted state upon current or potential interruption for a long period of time. An increase in the polarization time resulted in a longer-lasting persistent promotion (p-EPOC) and required more time for the reaction rate to reach its initial open-circuit value. This was attributed to continuous promotion by the stored oxygen in palladium oxide, which was formed during the anodic polarization in agreement with p-EPOC mechanism reported earlier.


2018 ◽  
Vol 358 ◽  
pp. 27-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.P. Espinós ◽  
V.J. Rico ◽  
J. González-Cobos ◽  
J.R. Sánchez-Valencia ◽  
V. Pérez-Dieste ◽  
...  

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ιωάννα Καλαϊτζίδου

Στις αρχές της δεκαετίας του 1980 ανακαλύφθηκε το φαινόμενο της Μη–Φαρανταϊκής Ηλεκτροχημικής Τροποποίησης της Καταλυτικής Ενεργότητας (Non-Faradaic Electrochemical Modification of Catalytic Activity, NEMCA effect) ή της Ηλεκτροχημικής Ενίσχυσης της Κατάλυσης (Electrochemical Promotion of Catalysis, EPOC). Το φαινόμενο αυτό αναφέρεται στην αντιστρεπτή μεταβολή της καταλυτικής ενεργότητας και εκλεκτικότητας καταλυτικών υμενίων εναποτεθειμένων σε στερεούς ηλεκτρολύτες, η οποία προκαλείται από την επιβολή σταθερού ρεύματος ή δυναμικού μεταξύ του καταλυτικού υμενίου και ενός δεύτερου υμενίου (βοηθητικό ηλεκτρόδιο) το οποίο είναι επίσης εναποτεθειμένο στον στερεό ηλεκτρολύτη. Η επίδραση του φαινομένου έχει επιβεβαιωθεί για ένα πλήθος καταλυτικών συστημάτων, σε διάφορους μεταλλικούς καταλύτες, εναποτεθειμένους σε διάφορους ηλεκτρολύτες, Έχει βρεθεί, με χρήση διαφόρων τεχνικών, ότι η ηλεκτροχημική ενίσχυση πηγάζει από την ηλεκτροχημικά ελεγχόμενη παροχή ενισχυτικών ειδών από το φορέα – ηλεκτρολύτη στα καταλυτικά σωματίδια. Τα προωθητικά αυτά ιοντικά είδη, μαζί με το αντισταθμιστικό φορτίο τους στο μέταλλο, σχηματίζουν επιφανειακά δίπολα και καταλαμβάνουν θέσεις σε ολόκληρη την καταλυτική επιφάνεια δημιουργώντας μια ισοδύναμη ηλεκτροχημική διπλοστοιβάδα, η οποία επηρεάζει την ισχύ των δεσμών και συνεπώς την καταλυτική ενεργότητα των ροφημένων αντιδρώντων μορίων και ενδιαμέσων προϊόντων. Στην παρούσα εργασία μελετάται το φαινόμενο αυτό για δυο αντιδράσεις περιβαλλοντικού ενδιαφέροντος, συγκεκριμένα για την αντίδραση της υδρογόνωσης του διοξειδίου του άνθρακα και για την αντίδραση της οξείδωσης του μεθανίου. H ηλεκτροχημική ενίσχυση της υδρογόνωσης του διοξειδίου του άνθρακα μελετήθηκε σε καταλύτες Ru, και διεσπαρμένους καταλύτες Ru-Co σε ΒΖΥ, με τη χρήση ενός πρωτονιακού αγωγού ΒZY, ενώ η ηλεκτροχημική ενίσχυση της οξείδωσης του μεθανίου μελετήθηκε σε καταλύτες Pd, με τη χρήση ενός αγωγού ιόντων οξυγόνου, YSZ. Τα αποτελέσματα της μελέτης αυτής προσφέρουν μια σαφή επίδειξη της ισχύος των Κανόνων Χημικής και Ηλεκτροχημικής Ενίσχυσης, οι οποίοι επιτρέπουν την πρόβλεψη της συμπεριφοράς ενός ηλεκτροχημικού κελιού κατά την επιβολή ρευμάτων ή δυναμικών, μέσω της κινητικής του συστήματος υπό συνθήκες ανοιχτού κυκλώματος.


2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 2569-2573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Cai ◽  
Dunfeng Gao ◽  
Hu Zhou ◽  
Guoxiong Wang ◽  
Ting He ◽  
...  

Electrochemical promotion of catalysis was observed over Pd nanoparticles with a significant rate enhancement ratio (ρ) for catalyzing CO2 reduction to produce formate in 1 M KHCO3 solution at ambient temperature.


2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 3277-3277
Author(s):  
Fan Cai ◽  
Dunfeng Gao ◽  
Hu Zhou ◽  
Guoxiong Wang ◽  
Ting He ◽  
...  

Correction for ‘Electrochemical promotion of catalysis over Pd nanoparticles for CO2 reduction’ by Fan Cai et al., Chem. Sci., 2017, DOI: 10.1039/c6sc04966d.


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