Vulnerable, but still poorly known, marine ecosystems: how to make distribution models more relevant and impactful for conservation and management of VMEs?

Human activity puts our oceans under multiple stresses, whose impacts are already significantly affecting biodiversity and physicochemical properties. Consequently, there is an increased international focus on the conservation and sustainable use of oceans, including the protection of fragile benthic biodiversity hotspots in the deep sea, identified as vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs). International VME risk assessment and conservation efforts are hampered because we largely do not know where VMEs are located. VME distribution modelling has increasingly been recommended to extend our knowledge beyond sparse observations. Nevertheless, the adoption of VME distribution models in spatial management planning and conservation remains limited. This work critically reviews VME distribution modelling studies, and recommends promising avenues to make VME models more relevant and impactful for policy and management decision making. First, there is an important interplay between the type of VME data used to build models and how the generated maps can be used in making management decisions, which is often ignored by model-builders. We encourage scientists towards founding their models on: (i) specific and quantitative definitions of what constitute a VME, (ii) site conservation value assessment in relation to VME multi-taxon spatial predictions, and (iii) explicitly mapping vulnerability. Along with the recent increase in both deep-sea biological and environmental data quality and quantity, these modelling recommendations can lead towards more cohesive summaries of VME’s spatial distributions and their relative vulnerability, which should facilitate a more effective protection of these ecosystems, as has been mandated by numerous international agreements.

Mapping Vulnerability to Weather Extremes: Heat and Flood Assessment Approaches

Assessing present social and biophysical conditions of communities that are at risk of injury due to extreme weather events is an important component of creating future visions of resilience. Spatial patterns of vulnerability to extreme events are manifestations of structural injustice that leave their mark on the built environment and in socio-spatial segregation patterns. Socio-spatial inequity often arises from development practices that favor particular racial and ethnic social groups over others. These segregation patterns are aligned with patterns of exposure to pollution, extreme weather events, and other types of environmental hazards. Spatial vulnerability assessments can be powerful tools for prioritizing where and how cities should make investments for mitigating the impacts of extreme events, and can provide an entry point for asking more fundamental questions about the processes that produce patterns of climate inequity, as well as how to avoid reproducing such processes in the future. Maps express uneven distributions of risk and manifestations of structural inequality in social–ecological–technological systems (SETS). They enable communities to visualize distributional injustice, consider ways in distributions that may be misaligned with cultural values, and develop adaptive practices toward climate justice. Here, we demonstrate approaches for assessing vulnerability to extreme flooding and heat, and show how vulnerability distributions are embedded in landscape patterns that produce uneven risk.

Evaluasi Keamanan Website Lembaga X Melalui Penetration Testing Menggunakan Framework ISSAF

Lembaga X adalah lembaga pemilihan umum yang memiliki situs web sebagai media penyampaian informasi dan penataan data pemilih. Sebagai situs web yang menyimpan data sensitif, perlu dilakukan peningkatan keamanan untuk mencegah terjadinya serangan pihak luar. Metode yang dapat digunakan untuk menguji keamanan sistem adalah pengujian penetrasi. Framework ISSAF adalah standar pengujian penetrasi yang digunakan untuk menguji ketahanan situs web, yang memiliki beberapa keunggulan dibandingkan kontrol keamanan lainnya, dan berfungsi sebagai jembatan antara pandangan teknis dan manajerial. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui celah keamanan website Lembaga X dengan menggunakan metode penetration testing dengan Framework ISSAF. Framework ISSAF meliputi sembilan asesmen pengujian yang meliputi Information Gathering, Network Mapping, Vulnerability Identification, Penetration, Gaining Access and Privilege Escalation, Enumerating Further, Compromise Remote User/Sites, Maintaining Access, dan Covering Tracks. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah diperoleh 18 celah keamanan yang terdapat pada website Lembaga X. Pemberian rekomendasi diberikan untuk meningkatkan keamanan website Lembaga X