Physio-biochemical Responses of In Vitro Cooking Banana Musa paradisiaca cv Lang towards Pseudo Induced Drought Stress by Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)

Musa paradisiaca cv Lang belongs to cooking banana group, and it has high potential to be used in banana chips production. Like other cultivars, M. paradisiaca cv Lang is susceptible towards water shortage, therefore affecting banana growth and productivity. In this study, to mimic the drought condition, pseudo-drought stress was given to in vitro Lang banana seedlings by adding polyethylene glycol (PEG). Overall, decrement of roots length and chlorophyll (Chl) content was displayed by the seedlings exposed to 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% (w/v) of PEG after three weeks of exposure. The proline content, total soluble protein content, and antioxidant capacity in leaf and roots, however, countered differently towards different levels of drought. Proline content showed the highest in leaf of 2% (w/v) PEG-treated seedling (12.66±0.38 µmoles/g) while the total soluble protein content showed the highest in roots of 5% (w/v) of PEG-treated seedling (30.65±1.07 mg/g FW). Antioxidant capacity of stressed seedlings revealed the catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities were the highest in the leaf of 1% (w/v) (10.69±5.06 µmol/min/mg), 4% (w/v), (0.079±0.03 µmol/min/mg), and 5% (w/v) (9.11±8.47 µmol/min/mg) of PEG- treated seedlings, respectively. Meanwhile, the highest CAT, POD, and APX activities in the roots were determined in 3% (w/v) (0.49±0.04 µmol/min/mg), 2% (w/v) (0.03±0.02 µmol/min/mg), and 3% (w/v) (16.69±0.5 µmol/min/mg) of PEG-treated seedlings, respectively. These data show that PEG can be a priming agent to induce defense system at seedling stage of banana, which could enhance their survivability during ex vitro acclimatization.

Influence of Enzyme Concentration and Hydrolysis Time on Soluble Protein Content of Protein Hydrolysate Prepared from Apple Snail (Pila ampullacea)

The objective of this study was to evaluate soluble protein content of protein hydrolysates obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of apple snail using a trypsin enzyme. Apple snail were collected from traditional market at Pabean-Sidoarjo. Trypsin enzyme was used in enzymatic hydrolysis. The two variables, enzyme/substrate (E/S) ( 0.01, 0.05, 0.1) ratio and hydrolysis time (3 h, 6 h, 9 h, 12 h, 15 h, 18 h) and was used to produce the apple snail hydrolysate. The result showed that soluble protein content was about 2.3%-4.52%. The increase E/S ratio and hydrolysis time, the higher soluble protein content values was. The highest total soluble protein was achieved E/S 0.1 ratio at 12 h, 4.52%. But, after 12 h hydrolysis time, soluble protein was decreased. Optimum treatment to hydrolyzing apple snail using trypsin enzyme was E3H4 treated (E/S 0.1 ratio and 3 h)

Elimination of phosphate in restructured turkey steaks by the addition of eggshell calcium powder and low methoxyl pectin

This study was carried out to assess the effects of eggshell calcium powder (ESCP) and/or low methoxyl pectin (LMP) as phosphate replacers on the quality parameters of restructured turkey steaks. ESCP, 0.25% or 0.50%, was added to formulation alone or in combination with 0.25% LMP in powder and gel forms. The pH increased with the addition of ESCP. Soluble protein content, water holding capacity, and cooking yield were higher in steaks formulated with ESCP+LMP gel compared to control steaks containing phosphate. Hardness of steaks was decreased by the addition of ESCP and pectin. Pectin in powder form negatively affected the preference of panelists. Oxidation in phosphate-free steaks was more pronounced than in other treatments. The results showed that the binding properties of phosphate could be achieved by using ESCP or ESCP+LMP gel.

PERBANDINGAN LAMA FERMENTASI MENGGUNAKAN Aspergillus niger TERHADAP KADAR NUTRISI KULIT KENTANG

ABSTRAK Kulit kentang merupakan salah satu limbah dapur yang masih bisa dimanfaatkan sebagai pakan ternak, namun disisi lain kulit kentang jika dimanfaatkan sebagai pakan ternak memiliki nilai gizi yang kurang karena kandungan serat kasar (SK) yang tinggi sehingga perlu dilakukan fermentasi menggunakan Aspergillus niger. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kadar nutrisi kulit kentang yang difermentasi menggunakan Aspergillus niger. Desain percobaan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) pola searah dengan 3 perlakuan dan 6 kali ulangan. Data hasil penelitian ini dianalisis menggunakan Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) dan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) pada level signifikansi 5 % & 1 %. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa fermentasi kulit kentang menggunakan Aspergillus niger sebesar 2% berpengaruh nyata terhadap lemak kasar (P<0,05) tetapi tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap kadar protein terlarut dan kadar serat kasar (P>0,05). Nilai rata-rata protein terlarut pada perlakuan P1: 15,09%, P2: 15,66% dan P3: 17,21%, nilai rata-rata kadar serat kasar pada perlakuan P1: 54,82%, P2: 53,36% dan P3: 52,58%, serta rata-rata kadar lemak kasar pada perlakuan P1: 14,20%, P2: 15,26% dan P3 15.77%. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa fermentasi kulit kentang selama 1-3 minggu menggunakan Aspergillus niger sebanyak 2% berpengaruh nyata terhadap lemak kasar, tetapi tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap kadar protein terlarut dan kadar serat kasar. Namun secara visual kadar protein terlarut mengalami peningkatan serta kadar serat kasar mengalami penurunan. . Kata kunci: Aspergillus niger, fermentasi, kadar nutrisi, kulit kentang ABSTRACT Potato peel is one of the kitchen wastes that can still be used as animal feed, but on the other hand, potato skins if used as animal feed have less nutritional value because of the high crude fiber content, so it is necessary to ferment it using Aspergillus niger. The purpose of this research was to determine the nutritional content of potato peels fermented using Aspergillus niger. The experimental design used a completely randomized design (CRD) with a unidirectional pattern with 3 treatments and 6 replications. The data from this study were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a significance level of 5% & 1%. The results showed that potato peel fermentation using Aspergillus niger at 2% had a significant effect on crude fat (P<0.05) but had no significant effect on soluble protein content and crude fiber content (P>0.05). The average value of dissolved protein in treatment P1: 15.09%, P2: 15.66% and P3: 17.21%, the average value of crude fiber content in treatment P1: 54.82%, P2: 53.36 % and P3: 52.58%, and the average crude fat content in the treatment P1: 14.20%, P2: 15.26% and P3 15.77%. The conclusion of this study was that the fermentation of potato skins for 1-3 weeks using Aspergillus niger as much as 2% had a significant effect on crude fat, but had no significant effect on soluble protein content and crude fiber content. However, visually, the dissolved protein content increased and the crude fiber content decreased. Keywords: Aspergillus niger, fermentation, nutritional content, potato skins

Physiology Response and Resistance Evaluation of Twenty Coconut Germplasm Resources under Low Temperature Stress

Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is a tropical evergreen crop with high economic value. Low temperature is one of the main environmental factors that limit coconut productivity. Therefore, it is necessary and significant to research the growth trend and physiological changes of coconuts under a low temperature environment. In this study, the physiological response of 20 coconut germplasm resources is presented in an integrated perspective to provide a holistic view of the behavior of coconut trees facing cold stress under four temperature conditions (25 °C, 15 °C, 10 °C, 5 °C). It was shown that low temperature would lead to the increase of relative electrical conductivity, MDA content, soluble protein content, and proline content. In addition, the activities of defense enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT, APX) were increased to resist the cold environment. In a comprehensive analysis, it was revealed that coconut germplasms with high cold resistance, such as C2, C7, and C10 as well as POD activity, proline content, and soluble protein content, were defined as representatives for coconut cold resistance evaluation. Through the exploration of osmotic adjustment substances and defense enzymes, the breeding and quality improvement of cold-resistant coconut varieties could be promoted. As a result, understanding the physiological response and tolerance mechanisms of coconuts to low temperature stress was essential, as this perception may serve as the foundation for coconut resistance evaluation, cultivation, and breeding.

Effects of Water Particles in the Jinjiang River Estuary on the Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics of Microcystit Flos-Aquae

The effects of different concentrations (100,150,200,250 mg/L) and different particle sizes (0–75µm, 75–120µm, 120–150µm, 150–500µm) on soluble protein content, SOD and CAT activity, MDA content, chlorophyll a content and photosynthetic parameters of Microcystis flos-aquae were studied, the mechanism of the effect of suspended particulate matter on the physiology and biochemistry of Microcystis flos-aquae was discussed. The results showed that the soluble protein content of Microcystis flos-aquae did not change obviously after being stressed by suspended particles of different concentration/diameter. The SOD activity of Microcystis flos-aquae increased at first and then decreased with the increase of the concentration of suspended particulate matter. The SOD activity of Microcystis flos-aquae reached 28.03 U/mL when the concentration of suspended particulate matter was 100 mg/L. The CAT activity of Microcystis flos-aquae increased with the increase of the concentration of suspended particles, and reached the maximum value of 12.45 U/mgprot in the concentration group of 250 mg/L, showing a certain dose-effect. The effect of small particle size on SOD, CAT and MDA of Microcystis flos-aquae was more significant than that of large particle size. The larger the concentration and the smaller the particle size, the stronger the attenuation of light and the lower the content of chlorophyll a. Both Fv/Fm and Fv/F0 of Microcystis flos-aquae increased at first and then decreased under different concentration/size of suspended particles. The relative electron transfer rate gradually returned to the normal level with the passage of time. There was no significant difference in α value between treatment group and control group, ETRmax and Ik decreased.

Exogenous 2,4-Epibrassinolide Treatment Maintains the Quality of Carambola Fruit Associated With Enhanced Antioxidant Capacity and Alternative Respiratory Metabolism

Brassinosteroids act by delaying fruit ripening. The effects of different concentrations of 2,4-epibrassinolide (eBL) treatments on carambola fruit ripening were investigated. The results show that treatment of 2.8 mg L–1, eBL with 10 min effectively delays ripening and maintains the quality of carambola fruit. This is achieved by retarding color changes and firmness losses while maintaining high level of soluble protein content and vitamin C, and low organic acid content. eBL-delayed senescence may be due to the inhibition of respiration rate and enhanced antioxidant system. It is noteworthy that eBL treatment markedly reduces the content of fructose-6-phosphate (6-P-F) and enhances the activity of cytochrome oxidase (CCO), and the total activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) and 6-phosphate gluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGDH). eBL treatment induces the IAA and GA contents but reduces that of ABA. In general, senescence retardation and quality improvement by eBL treatment may be due to the enhanced antioxidant capacity and altered respiratory pathways.

Soil aeration and plastic film mulching increases the yield potential and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)

The aim of this study was to investigate plant growth, fruit yields, IWUE and fruit quality in response to a micro/nano-bubble aeration (MNBA) system and a subsurface artificial air layer aeration system (SAALA) under different treatments. The results indicated that both MNBA and SAALA can positively influence plant dry weight, fruit yield, IWUE and, to some degree, fruit quality indices. In comparison with the no-aeration treatment, the MNBA treatment increased the dry matter accumulation, fruit yield, IWUE, lycopene content and soluble protein content by 7.1%, 9.0%, 7.1%, 6.2% and 16.2%, respectively, during the spring, while those during autumn increased by 4.0%, 14.4%, 4.0%, 3.8% and 1.7%, respectively. During the spring, the SAALA increased the dry matter accumulation, fruit yield, IWUE, lycopene content and soluble protein content by 13.0%, 25.1%, 13.0%, 2.9% and 15.1%, respectively, while those during autumn increased by 12.8%, 19.5%, 12.8%, 5.2% and 4.1%, respectively. PFM significantly improved the total dry weight, fruit yield and IWUE during both the spring and autumn seasons. Nevertheless, the soluble protein content decreased in response to the mulch treatment. The increased yield in response to soil aeration during autumn was significantly greater than that during the spring, and the yield increase in response to PFM was significantly greater in the spring than in autumn. Moreover, the nutrition indices in response to both soil aeration and PFM were more significant during spring than during autumn. Taking into account costs, efficiency and benefits, the optimal treatment was the MNBA and full PFM combination

Humic Acid and Jasmonic Acid Improves the Growth and Antioxidant Defense System in Salt Stressed - Forage Sorghum Plants

Salinity is one of the primary abiotic stresses that cause several negative physiological and biochemical changes due to the oxidative stress caused by the generation of ROS. The effect of foliar application of jasmonic acid (JA) and humic acid (HA) as a fertilizer on growth and biochemical attributes exposed to salinity stress was investigated. Soil treated with NaCl at levels of 0 (S0), 2 (S1), and 4 g NaCl kg-1 dry soil (S2) and fertilized with 0 (HA0), 3 (HA1), and 6 g HA kg-1 dry soil (HA2). The plant spray with three JA levels (0, 5, and 10mM JA). Under salinity, JA and HA significantly improved all parameters tested. Salinity stress increased carotenoid, soluble protein content, SOD and MDA. In contrast, salinity stress reduced plant height, leaf area index, relative growth rate, proline content, POD, CAT, and APX. Under S2, HA2 rate increased plant high (9.69%), relative growth rate (70.79%) and CAT (45.47). While, HA1 increased leaf area index (12.45%), chlorophyll content (22.32%), carotenoid contents (38.05%), SOD (20.93), MDA (17.95%), POD (24.64%) and APX (21.67%). At S2, the highest plant height, chlorophyll content, soluble protein content and APX value recorded at 5mMJA, while, the highest value of leaf are index, carotenoid contents, proline, MDA, POD and CAT was achieved at 10mMJA. This study revealed that the level of 10 mM JA and HA1 had a positive effect on forage sorghum plants physiological responses. Furthermore, the results showed that jasmonic acid and humic acid successfully mitigated salinity stress's adverse effects.