Fog-Cloud Computing Traffic Model Affecting the Occurrence of Latency on the Ubiquitous Sensor Network

The fog-cloud computing traffic model overviews working elements in forming fog-cloud computing with three main layers: Ubiquitous Sensor Networks, Fog Computing, and Cloud Computing. We present a possible method of data transmission that focuses on either measuring or manipulating or both in the system divided into 7 USNs and using latency measurement to demonstrate transmission efficiency. This paper considers the latency test into four prominent cases: internet connection, traffic model, number of devices, and packet by equipment used for testing consisting of microcontroller board, sensor, actuator, and uses fog node two types: pocket Wi-Fi and router. In the latency test, we found that the factor causing the higher latency in the system was the packet size. The main factor consists of the different characteristics of working, fog nodes, and the number of connected devices. Therefore, the packet has correlated directly with the latency depending on the size of the packet increases. The resulting latency is the main factor affecting the work of the system.

SC-FDE Layer for Sensor Networks in Remote Areas Using NVIS Communications

Despite high costs and lengthy deployments, satellite communications have traditionally been used to provide coverage in remote areas. However, given the fact that there is no radio infrastructure available in these areas, Near Vertical Incidence Skywave (NVIS) technology has positioned itself as an attractive alternative to communicate with low-power nodes in remote areas. This type of communication works in the HF frequency range complying with STANAG and MIL-STD standards, which define a physical layer for scenarios that differ from NVIS and low-power communication. The purpose of this paper was to present the definition of a new communication physical layer based on single-carrier frequency-domain equalization (SC-FDE) based on these standards but adapted to the ionospheric communication channel. This physical layer was compared to an OFDM-based layer from a previous study. The experiments performed show that this new approach achieves better results than OFDM in terms of a higher signal quality with a higher specific BER probability. Finally, this layer was also used in the theoretical design of an NVIS gateway to link sensor network devices spanning large-scale remote areas in a secure manner in the context of ubiquitous sensor networks (USN).

Study of NVIS Channel for USN Protocol Definition in Antarctica

Every year, the number of ubiquitous sensor networks (USN) is increasing and the need for remote USN communications is emerging in some scenarios. As an alternative to satellite communications, more interests are focused on high frequencies (HF) communications as a low-cost option to reach links of more than 250 km without a line of sight. The HF standards are designed for generic communication channels being not robust for near vertical incidence skywave (NVIS) USN. In this article, we propose a new protocol for USN in remote places based on NVIS communications. For that purpose, we study the main characteristics of the NVIS channel with the presence of groundwaves, particularly in Antarctica. We analyze the availability of the channel, the height of the layers, the delay spread, and the Doppler spread. On the basis of the results obtained, we propose two protocols based on an OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) modulation depending on the presence of the groundwave at the receiver. Finally, we make a simulation of the two OFDM configurations and we compare it with real tested standard modulations. The results show a better performance of the new protocol compared to the current HF standards.

ORGANIZATION OF IMPLEMENTATION OF UBIQUITOUS SENSOR NETWORKS

The article deals with the implementation of one of the most promising technologies of the 21st century – the permeable sensor networks of the USN. The features, architecture, organization and routing algorithms of sensory networks are described. It is determined that further improvement of the work of such networks requires standardization of the development process and implementation process. USN's Vertical Sensor Networks is one of the most promising technologies of the 21st century. Cheap and "smart" sensors, in large quantities combined into a wireless network connected to the public communications network, today provide an unprecedentedly wide range of control and management services for buildings, businesses, cars, and so forth. USN networks, depending on the type of sensors, can be deployed on the ground, in the air, under and over water, in buildings and, finally, on the skin and inside living organisms, including humans. They are also widely used in such important areas as military affairs, crisis and emergency management, and the fight against terrorism.

Ubiquitous Sensor Networks: Efisiensi Sistem Kontrol Cairan Infus Pasien Rawat Inap

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini membahas tentang sistem kontrol cairan infus pada pasien dengan memanfaatkan teknologi sensor networks dan mikrokontroler arduino uno. Sensor yang digunakan adalah sensor Ultrasonik HC-SR04 yang difungsikan untuk mendeteksi sisa cairan infus. Data yang terbaca oleh sensor dikirimkan menggunakan jaringan nirkabel/wireless dari Transmitter (Tx) di ruang pasien ke Receiver (Rx) di ruang perawat dengan menggunakan modul wireless Xbee S2. Efisiensi dari sistem kontrol yang dibuat yaitu ketika sensor mendeteksi cairan infus mendekati batas habis cairan yang telah ditentukan maka motor yang berada pada selang infus akan berfungsi untuk menutup aliran cairan infus pada selang. Dari simulasi yang dilakukan, didapatkan hasil presentasi error ketinggian cairan infus sebesar 1.96% dan presentasi error volume cairan sebesar 2.16%. Performa dari modul wireless Xbee S2 juga di ujicoba dengan mengirimkan data dari Xbee end device ke Xbee coordinator dalam penelitian ini. Kata kunci: Infus, Sensor Networks, Sensor Ultrasonik HC-SR04, Xbee S2 dan Mikrokontroler Arduino Uno.ABSTRACTThis research discusses about intravenous fluids Control System on Patients, utilizing sensor network technology and Arduino Uno microcontroller. We used HC-SR04 Ultrasonic sensors to detect the review time intravenous fluids. The sensors data is readable by transmitted using wireless network/wireless from Transmitter (Tx) in Patients Into Space Receiver (Rx) at nurse room with using XBee wireless device S2. The efficiency of the control system were made, namely when the sensor detects the approaching limits of intravenous fluids discharged liquid that has been determined then the motor that was on the infus line will serve to close the infusion fluid flow in the line. In our simulations we found, the findings obtained Presentation intravenous fluids altitude error is 1.96% and presentations volume Liquid error is 2.16%. The performance of network devices XBee S2 have been tried, wireless data from the XBee end devices coordinator in this research. Keywords: Infusion, Sensor Networks, HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor, XBee S2 And Microcontroller Arduino Uno.