Structural Transformation in General Equilibrium

This chapter revises the main mechanisms at work in generating structural change in a multi-sector environment, which emerge due to an interaction between consumers’ preferences and technological change and to different income elasticities of goods and services. The chapter further discusses the issue of measurement. The typical assumption in multi-sector models is to define GDP as aggregate output in units of a numeraire good, often chosen to be the investment good. However, this procedure is equivalent to deriving nominal GDP in the data and does not provide a measure of real GDP. We then discuss how GDP in the model should be measured to provide a statistic that is comparable with the data in national accounts. The last part of the chapter shows how structural transformation from manufacturing to services, when appropriately compared to the data, generates a decline in GDP growth and volatility along the growth path of an economy.

THE INSTABILITY OF OPEN PARETO EFFICIENT ECONOMIES

This paper analyzes the impact of trade on the stability properties of trading countries and on stationary welfare. We consider a two-country two-good two-factor overlapping generations model where countries differ in terms of their technology. In the autarky equilibrium and the free-trade equilibrium, indeterminacy relies, under dynamic efficiency, on a capital intensive consumption good and intermediate values of the elasticity of intertemporal substitution in consumption. Opening the borders to trade can be a source of a global destabilizing effect. Indeed, considering a free-trade equilibrium in which one country is an exporter of the consumption good and the other country is an exporter of the investment good, indeterminacy can occur with trade even though the two countries are determinate in autarky. Finally, opening to trade increases the stationary welfare of the country that exports the investment good and deteriorates the one of the other country.

ANALISIS PERNYATAAN STANDAR AKUNTANSI KEUANGAN (PSAK) NOMOR 16 TAHUN 2011 TERHADAP AKUNTANSI AKTIVA TETAP BERWUJUD PADA BADAN PENYELENGGARA JAMINAN SOSIAL (BPJS) KESEHATAN CABANG WATAMPONE

This research is motivated by the fact that BPJS Health has business activities implementing social security. Each part of this organization takes an important part in presenting services to clients, so that many use fixed assets in their operations. The acquisition of fixed assets requires significant investment, good asset management, and reliable procedural implementation in accordance with the provisions of PSAK Number 16 of 2011 which regulates the accounting treatment of fixed assets. For this reason, it is necessary to know how the accounting treatment for tangible fixed assets at the BPJS Health Branch of Watampone. This research is a qualitative research through a descriptive approach that will provide clear and accurate information and answers on how the presentation of tangible fixed assets in financial statements and analysis of PSAK No. 16 of 2011 on the accounting treatment of tangible fixed assets at the BPJS Health Branch Watampone. The location of this study is the Watampone Branch BPJS Health Office. This study lasted for approximately 3 months, namely January - March 2019. Methods of data collection in this study were interviews, observation, document review and literature study. The results of this study indicate that the Accounting treatment for Tangible Fixed Assets at Branch Health BPJS has not fully complied with the provisions of PSAK Number 16 of 2011.

A NOTE ON BALANCED-BUDGET INCOME TAXES AND AGGREGATE (IN)STABILITY IN MULTI-SECTOR ECONOMIES

We examine the impact of balanced-budget labor income taxes on the existence of expectation-driven business cycles in a two-sector version of the Schmitt-Grohé and Uribe (SGU) [(1997) Journal of Political Economy 105, 976–1000] model with constant government expenditures and counter-cyclical taxes. Our results show that the destabilizing impact of labor income taxes strongly depends on the capital intensity difference across sectors. Local indeterminacy is indeed more likely when the consumption good sector is capital intensive, as the minimal tax rate decreases, and less likely when the investment good sector is capital intensive, as the minimal tax rate increases. The implication of this result can be quantitatively significant. Indeed, when compared to SGU, local indeterminacy can be either completely ruled out for all OECD countries when the investment good is sufficiently capital intensive or drastically improved, delivering indeterminacy for a larger set of OECD countries, if the consumption good is sufficiently capital intensive. Focusing however on recent estimates of the sectoral capital shares corresponding to the empirically plausible case of a capital intensive consumption good, we find that there is a significant increase of the range of economically relevant labor tax rates (from a minimum tax rate of 30% to 24.7% for which local indeterminacy arises with respect to the aggregate formulation of SGU.

Crowdfunding in the Wine Industry

Crowdfunding has recently emerged as a novel way of financing new ventures. It coincides with a growing interest in wine as an investment good and with a search for new funding opportunities by wine makers. In this study, we examine potential investors willing to engage in wine crowdfunded projects and the kind of revenue that would attract them. We presented an original survey where respondents were asked about their wine consumption and purchase, their knowledge about crowdfunding, their relation to the internet, their investment and project related to wine crowdfunding, and their expectations concerning the returns from this type of contribution. Our results suggest that among all forms of crowdfunding, the donation/voluntary contribution side driven by intrinsic motivation is likely to remain marginal compared to crowdfunding as an investment or a form of early purchase. (JEL Classifications: G11, G12, G21, L17, L66)

A model of housing demand - an analysis from the point of view of owners, owners-investors and investors

An apartment is both a consumption and an investment good. The aim of this article is to present a holistic approach to the assessment of housing demand. The residential demand may be divided into purely proprietary demand combined with a form of allocation of savings, active investing in property that generates income from rents, and speculations, consisting in buying and waiting for increase of prices in the future. These three types of demand affect each other. In their analysis, the authors rely on the basic microeconomic and financial models and those associated with the market of housing properties, that is the consumer model, interim consumption, and the financial investor. On the basis of calculations, a housing demand on the primary hosing market was established for the six largest cities of Poland.

Balanced Growth Despite Uzawa

The evidence for the United States points to balanced growth despite falling investment-good prices and a less-than-unitary elasticity of substitution between capital and labor. This is inconsistent with the Uzawa Growth Theorem. We extend Uzawa's theorem to show that the introduction of human capital accumulation in the standard way does not resolve the puzzle. However, balanced growth is possible if education is endogenous and capital is more complementary with schooling than with raw labor. We present a class of aggregate production functions for which a neoclassical growth model with capital-augmenting technological progress and endogenous schooling converges to a balanced growth path. (JEL E22, E24, I26, J24, O33, O41, O47)