Reinforcement Theory and Study of the Impact of Internet Technologies on Political Participation of Modern Youth

The article examines the methodological possibilities of reinforcement theory in the field of studying the influence of Internet technologies on political behavior. The prospects of the theory of reinforcement are considered in the context of the changing role of Internet technologies in the political process since the beginning of the 2010s and the growing popularity of competing methodological directions, first of all, the theory of mobilization. It is revealed that the rivalry between the theory of reinforcement and the theory of mobilization at the present stage turns into a state of methodological dualism. Reinforcement theory not only retained its significance in the context of the growth of political mobilization in the period of the 2010s, but also received further development: the new concept of selective avoidance supplemented its theoretical apparatus. Reinforcement theory retains its significance for the study of political leadership among Russian youth, the activities of radical youth organizations. One of the factors in preserving the methodological potential of reinforcement theory in the study of the political activism of Russian youth is the practical combination of its principles with the network approach.

Impact of Positive Reinforcement Theory on Weightlifter’s Performance

A common problem was observed at local level weightlifting clubs in Lahore, Pakistan i.e., coaches use inappropriate ways (shouting and abusing) to get desired performance results but, it ends in young weightlifter’s resentment and take them away from their sport targets and some choose to quit weightlifting sport as well. The existing literature about acquiring desired results in sports suggests; only positive approach can be useful i.e., Positive Reinforcement Theory ‘PRT’ developed by B F Skinner (Marzieh Gordan, 2014). Hence, in this applied deductive type quantitative study, an eight-week experiment was conducted in Lahore which tested the implications of Positive Reinforcement Theory on young weightlifters’ performance. The objectives of this study were; (a) to apply Positive Reinforcement Theory in weightlifting sport to examine the cause-and-effect relationship between positive reinforcement and young weightlifter’s performance, (b) to test if the study’s Positive Reinforcement Program ‘PRP’ model helps young weightlifters to achieve desired targets within given timeframe or not? At first, pre-competition was administered to record standard performance results of both groups. Secondly, ‘PRP’ Model based on ‘PRT’ was introduced to experimental group and then post-competition testing was conducted to record and compare performance results of both groups. The results of both groups’ Paired Sample t-test and Independent Sample t-test, using statistical package SPSS version 23, showed a significant impact of ‘PRP’ model on the young weightlifter’s performance. Therefore, it is concluded that; acquisition of young weightlifters’ desired performance results. Coaches should use ‘PRP’ model rather than applying inappropriate ways to motivate young weightlifters. The PRP model also helps young weightlifters to achieve their targeted performance results within given timeframe.

Voting and Social Media-Based Political Participation

Does online political involvement reinforce or compensate participatory deficiencies at the polls? Extant survey evidence portrays online participation as a weapon of the strong, wielded by a highly politically involved, white, and affluent subset of the American electorate. Surveys face systematic sampling and measurement errors in the domain of political participation, though. In this study, I revisit this question using individual voter registration records that I integrate with observed Twitter activity. Based on a large sample that reflects Florida’s voting-eligible population, I find that political involvement on Twitter is prevalent across the electorate and extends to those most likely to abstain from voting. Moreover, race and income, which are salient dividing lines in voting, do not structure social media-based political participation. These results challenge reinforcement theory and substantiate social media’s compensatory potential for more inclusive representation. I discuss implications for political representation and future research examining political involvement.

GOOD GOVERNANCE PADA PELAYANAN PUBLIK: SEBUAH USULAN MODEL PENGEMBANGAN BERBASIS PERILAKU

ABSTRAK Masyarakat dewasa ini membutuhkan pelayanan publik yang dapat membantu menyelesaikan permasalahan mereka. Penerapan praktek good governance pada pelayanan publik penting diterapkan dengan didukung model pengembangan yang relevan. Artikel ini mengusulkan model pengembangan pelayanan publik dengan pendekatan positive reinforcement theory. Sebuah pendekatan yang berbasis perilaku yang memetakan faktor-faktor apa saja yang berpengaruh baik pada level individu, kelompok, maupun organisasi terhadap perilaku transfaransi, akuntabilitas, responsible, integritas, dan fair dari petugas pelayanan. Perilaku tersebut yang didukung oleh budaya pelayanan, manajemen kinerja, ketangkasan belajar, serta kepemimpinan berbasis transformational, otentik, dan melayani. Kata Kunci : pelayanan publik, tata kelola yang baik, positive reinforcement theory ABSTRACT Today's society needs public services that can help solve their problems. The application of good governance practices in public services is important to be implemented with the support of relevant development models. This article proposes a public service development model with a positive reinforcement theory approach. A behavior-based approach that maps out the factors that influence the level of individuals, groups, and organizations on the behavior of transparency, accountability, responsibility, integrity, and fairness of service personnel. These behaviors are supported by a service culture, performance management, learning agility, and transformational-authentic-servant leadership. Keywords: public service, bureaucratic reform, positive reinforcement theory

Strengthening institutions theory on modification of technology acceptance model: A study of financial information system for local government

The financial information system for local Government or SIPKD regulation in Indonesia are mandatory. There have been several innovations on it, but in practice mostly they were not effective in term of user acceptance due to several obstacles. This study investigates the modified Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) theory proposed with the institutional strengthening theory on the user performance of SIPKD. Supported by the sample of 556 SIPKD users from the Lampung Provincial Government, the results showed that all constructs are associated in accordance with the theory and concept of TAM. The quality of training had a dominant effect on the ease of use and usefulness. Related to the reinforcement theory, the results showed that facilitating conditions and incentives affect the performance of SIPKD users. Meanwhile, institutional pressure did not show its role to improve the performance of users. The main findings revealed that the TAM model becomes more perfect when imbued with the reinforcement theory. These results suggest that information system acceptance is higher when reinforcement theory is able to manipulate the cognitive of users to further improve their individual performance.JEL Classification E60; H83; M48

A Brief Discussion on the Application of Contrastive Analysis Theory in English Phonetics Teaching

Contrastive analysis is an important theory in second language acquisition, which aims to compare the similarities and differences between the learner’s first language and the target language, so as to predict the difficulties in second language acquisition. Although the theory has its limitations, its role in second language acquisition is undeniable. Especially for English teachers, the transfer theory and Stimulus-Response-Reinforcement theory provide a lot of guidance for phonetics teaching.

GOAL SETTING THEORY: THE EFFECT OF INCENTIVE MODERATION ON INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCE

This study uses goal-setting theory and reinforcement theory to explain the formation of individual motivation in achieving goals. Testing the effect of goal specificity used the experimental method to test the impact of goal specificity, different goal difficulty on the same quota incentive system as the 2x2x1 experimental design. This study's findings confirm the goal-setting theory shown from the higher achievement of participants' goals when participants are given specific and challenging goals than participant goals in different variations of goal specificity and goal difficulty. This study found that participants have a greater focus on goal specificity in driving goal attainment behavior. The findings of this study confirm the reinforcement theory shown from achieving goals that exceed targets. Positive consequences become arguments for individuals to do the same action

Voting and Social Media-Based Political Participation

Does online political involvement reinforce or compensate participatory deficiencies at the polls? Extant survey evidence portrays online participation as a weapon of the strong, wielded by a highly politically involved, white, and affluent subset of the American electorate. Surveys face systematic sampling and measurement errors in the domain of political participation, though. In this study, I revisit this question using individual voter registration records that I integrate with observed Twitter activity. Based on a large sample that reflects Florida’s voting-eligible population, I find that political involvement on Twitter is prevalent across the electorate and extends to those most likely to abstain from voting. Moreover, race and income, which are salient dividing lines in voting, do not structure social media-based political participation. These results challenge reinforcement theory and substantiate social media’s compensatory potential for more inclusive representation. I discuss implications for political representation and future research examining political involvement.