The effect of using tribal summaries of previous requirements on the development of educational attainment of second year secondary students in Biology subject in the Tabuk region: أثر استخدام الملخصات القبلية للمتطلبات السابقة على تنمية التحصيل العلمي لطلاب الصف الثاني الثانوي في مادة الأحياء بمنطقة تبوك

This study aimed at analyze the content of biology books for the secondary and intermediate stages to reveal the periods of interruption in presenting concepts related to the digestive system, endocrine glands and nutrition, and to provide a summary of these concepts before the process of teaching them. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher chose two secondary schools in an intentional manner and chose (98) students from them random manner, distributed among two divisions from each school, one experimental and the other as a control group. The members of the experimental group studied using the tribal summaries of the previous requirements, while the members of the control group studied in the traditional way. The researcher conducted an achievement test for the two groups. The results of the study showed that there was a break in teaching these concepts for more than 30 months, and also showed that the students of the experimental group outperformed the control group in the achievement test. Based on these results, the study recommends taking into account the principles of sequencing and continuity in teaching biology concepts in general, and the need to provide a summary before each study unit or lesson that addresses the previous concepts necessary for new learning.

Overview of the Updated Evidence of Multiple Endocrinal Neoplasia (MEN) in Children and Adolescents

MEN syndromes are a collection of autosomal dominant disease including MEN 1 and MEN 2. Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes are infrequent inherited disorders in which more than one endocrine glands develop noncancerous (benign) or cancerous (malignant) tumors or grow excessively without forming tumors. There are 3 famous and well-known forms of MEN syndromes (MEN 1, MEN 2A, and MEN 2B) and a newly documented one (MEN4). These syndromes are infrequent and occurred in all ages and both men and women. MEN1 is the most often happening form of MENs. The information of MEN’s genetic alterations and the connection among genotype and phenotype could be beneficial for MEN disease management. (MEN1) implicated IN primarily by tumors of the parathyroid glands, endocrine gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) tract and anterior pituitary. Before MEN-1 can be diagnosed it must be suspected, genetic screening for MEN-1 is recommended when an individual has 2 or more MEN-1 related tumors, MEN2 associates with medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, and primaryhype- rparathyroidism. MEN2A and MEN2B should be suspected in any patient diagnosed with MTC or pheochromocytoma, particularly when the age of presentation is very young (younger than 35), the genetic testing for RET proto-oncogene is employed to diagnose and identify a specific type of mutation present. Treatment is mainly surgical in most cases of multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome.

SARS-CoV-2 infection-associated detrimental effects on the various human organs

The SARS-Cov-2 virus was firstly identified in Wuhan, China and caused catastrophic destruction all over the world. COVID-19 virus primarily effects lungs of its hosts and impairs it in number of ways. It can also damage multiple organs like Heart, kidney, endocrine glands, skin, brain and several others. Kidneys are also damaged to a great extent. In Heart it can cause acute coronary syndrome, Heart failure, Myocardial infarction. SARS-CoV-2 effect brain especially psychologically. It also causes serious lymphocyte apoptosis. It also neutralizes human spleen and lymph nodes. SARS-CoC-2 can be harmful for those having already liver diseases. Similarly, SARS-CoV-2 has a direct impact on endocrine glands. It is responsible for the various injurious changes in hormones, causes various diseases like acute pancreatitis, decrease in GH, hypoparathyroidism etc. and lead to cause tissues damage in glands. It also some minor effects on nose, and respiratory pathways. It also has some minor effects on eyes and ears whereas it causes several devastations in GIT.

Morphological characteristics of pituitary adenomas in the phenocopy of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1

BACKGROUND: Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the MEN1 gene, which encodes the menin protein. If a patient has the MEN 1 phenotype in the absence of mutations in the MEN1 gene, the condition is classified as a phenocopy of this syndrome. Although significant progress has been made in understanding the function of menin, its role in the oncogenesis of the endocrine glands is still being elucidated. Due to its key role in physiological and pathological processes, the assessment of the menin expression can provide valuable information.AIM: to determine whether there are any differences in the expression of menin in the pituitary adenomas (PA) in patients with phenocopy of MEN 1 (phMEN 1) and genetically confirmed MEN 1 (gMEN 1) compared with their sporadic forms.MATERIALS AND METHODS: immunohistochemical assessment of the menin expression was carried out in PA of patients with gMEN 1, phMEN 1 and sporadic acromegaly (SA), surgically treated in 2008–2020. IHC was performed using antibodies to menin, PRL, GH, ACTH, FSH, TSH, Pit-1, T-box, ERA on previously prepared histological section.RESULTS: The study included 35 samples of PA: gMEN 1 — 9 samples, phMEN 1 — 12 (somatotropinomas + PHPT); CA — 14 samples. The patients were comparable by gender, adenoma size, and drug intake. The gMEN 1 group differed from phMEN 1 and SA by age (p = 0.0005). In patients with gMEN 1, the expression of menin varied from no staining (5/9) to intense cytoplasm staining. Cytoplasmic expression of menin was mainly present (11/12) in the phMEN 1. In the SA group, there was no staining in 1 case; nuclear expression was detected in 6/14 cases. The phMEN 1 group showed significantly higher cytoplasmic expression of menin than the gMEN 1 group (p = 0.006). The gMEN 1 group also differed from the SA group (p = 0.012). There were no statistically significant differences between the phMEN 1 and SA groups (p = 0.049).CONCLUSION: It was revealed that the menin expression, in general, is retained in phMEN 1 and SA groups, although with different localization in the cell structure (nucleus and / or cytoplasm). At the same time, the expression of menin varies greatly in patients with gMEN 1. According to the data obtained, it can be assumed that the pathogenesis of PA in phMEN 1 and SA may have similarities; however, there could be factors contributing to the appearance of several tumors of the endocrine glands in one person with phMEN 1. To understand this process, it is necessary to further study the genes associated with MEN 1, epigenetic factors, signaling pathways in which menin is involved.

The anesthesiologist and Covid-19 endocrinopathies

Covid-19 disease created a havoc since 2019, affected large number of number of people over worldwide. As the second wave is receding, we will be receiving patients with the long-term effects of Covid-19 for the surgeries either for their primary disease or for the complications arising from the Covid-19. Primarily, the Covid-19 is a disease affecting the pulmonary and cardiac system, many other systems including renal, hematology, central nervous, endocrine etc. also damaged with the same. Various endocrine glands are being involved in Covid-19 disease like pancreas, thyroid, pituitary, adrenals, reproductive system etc. as they are highly expressed with ACE. This may even lead to the permanent damage. Because of the unfamiliarity with the disease, plausible impact on the endocrine functions is still unclear. This article elaborates various endocrine manifestations of SARS Cov and SARS Cov-2 for better understanding and management of Covid-19 recovered patients.

Chorion epithelioma and the biological response of Zondçk-fischheima to pregnancy

The study of the ovarian-endocrine system has entered a new stage since the discovery of a biological reaction, which makes it possible to judge the specificity and activity of the manufactured preparations of the endocrine glands.

The content of bromine in the pituitary gland and its relation to the age of life (Klinische Wschr. 1932, No. 18)

In this report, the authors consider the relationship of bromine metabolism, and in particular its content in the blood, to the endocrine glands.

Impact of COVID-19 on the Endocrine System – a mini-review

The Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to exert a significant impact on global healthcare systems, causing devastating mortality and morbidity. As time passes and our understanding of this novel respiratory virus deepens, it is increasingly clear that its effects extend beyond that of the respiratory system. The coronavirus responsible for COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, obtains cellular access through the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor in a process requiring the transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) protein. Both ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are widely expressed in many endocrine glands. This, along with several case reports of thyroid and pituitary disruption in patients with COVID-19, has resulted in significant interest in its impact on the endocrine system. Indeed, as mortality is abated by the increasing availability of effective vaccines, there is increasing focus on the long-term effects on health in COVID-19 survivors. This review summarises data investigating the effects of COVID-19 on each of the endocrine axes to guide appropriate investigations and optimal management.

Early and late endocrine complications of COVID-19

Endocrine system plays a vital role in controlling human homeostasis. Understanding the possible effects of COVID-19 on endocrine glands is crucial to prevent and manage endocrine disorders before and during hospitalization in COVID-19-infected patients as well as to follow them up properly upon recovery. Many endocrine glands such as pancreas, hypothalamus and pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, testes, and ovaries have been found to express angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors, the main binding site of the virus. Since the pandemic outbreak, various publications focus on the aggravation of preexisting endocrine diseases by COVID-19 infection or the adverse prognosis of the disease in endocrine patients. However, data on endocrine disorders both during the phase of the infection (early complications) and upon recovery (late complications) are scarce. The aim of this review is to identify and discuss early and late endocrine complications of COVID-19. The majority of the available data refer to glucose dysregulation and its reciprocal effect on COVID-19 infection with the main interest focusing on the presentation of new onset of diabetes mellitus. Thyroid dysfunction with low triiodothyronine, low thyroid stimulating hormone, or subacute thyroiditis has been reported. Adrenal dysregulation and impaired spermatogenesis in affected men have been also reported. Complications of other endocrine glands are still not clear. Considering the recent onset of COVID-19 infection, the available follow-up data are limited, and therefore, long-term studies are required to evaluate certain effects of COVID-19 on the endocrine glands.