Design of telescopic nadir imager for geomorphology (TENGOO) and observation of surface reflectance by optical chromatic imager (OROCHI) for the Martian Moons Exploration (MMX)

The JAXA’s Martian Moons Exploration (MMX) mission is planned to reveal the origin of Phobos and Deimos. It will remotely observe both moons and return a sample from Phobos. The nominal instruments include the TElescopic Nadir imager for GeOmOrphology (TENGOO) and Optical RadiOmeter composed of CHromatic Imagers (OROCHI). The scientific objective of TENGOO is to obtain the geomorphological features of Phobos and Deimos. The spatial resolution of TENGOO is 0.3 m at an altitude of 25 km in the quasi-satellite orbit. The scientific objective of OROCHI is to obtain material distribution using spectral mapping. OROCHI possesses seven wide-angle bandpass imagers without a filter wheel and one monochromatic imager dedicated to the observation during the landing phase. Using these two instruments, we plan to select landing sites and obtain information that supports the analysis of return samples. Graphical Abstract

FUNCTIONAL CALCULI FOR SECTORIAL OPERATORS AND RELATED FUNCTION THEORY

We construct two bounded functional calculi for sectorial operators on Banach spaces, which enhance the functional calculus for analytic Besov functions, by extending the class of functions, generalising and sharpening estimates and adapting the calculus to the angle of sectoriality. The calculi are based on appropriate reproducing formulas, they are compatible with standard functional calculi and they admit appropriate convergence lemmas and spectral mapping theorems. To achieve this, we develop the theory of associated function spaces in ways that are interesting and significant. As consequences of our calculi, we derive several well-known operator norm estimates and provide generalisations of some of them.

Spectral mapping of soil organic carbon

This chapter first reviews recent pilot studies covering limited areas often with exposed bare soils. Then we focus on the challenges for large-scale application of spectral mapping when the soil and parent material are heterogeneous and surface conditions are unknown. In order to deal with these constraints we discuss i) calibration of spectral models based on large spectral libraries, ii) surface conditions that disturb the soil signal, and iii) time series of images in order to delimit cropland fields and increase the extent of bare soil that can be mapped. Finally, a case study deals with a SOC prediction map derived from the spectra of a Sentinel-2 image and calibrated using the LUCAS spectral library.

Spectral Artificial Vision Endoscopy for Assisting the Differential Diagnosis of Endometrial Polyps, In Vivo

We are the first to present results from a pilot clinical study designed for the purpose of establishing spectral mapping patterns, as a potential novel imaging assay for identifying and discriminating between functional and nonfunctional endometrial polyps in vivo. The Spectral Artificial Vision Endoscope (SAVE) was used and validated in this study. The SAVE system, adapted to a regular hysteroscope, was able to operate in several imaging modes, including color imaging, infrared imaging, narrow band imaging and spectral mapping, all acquired at a video rate and simultaneously. The spectral maps generated by the SAVE system for 28 patients with endometrial polyps displayed characteristic patterns capable of discriminating functional from nonfunctional polyps with remarkable consistency (Spearman R=0.912, p<10-6). These preliminary clinical validation results highlighted the great potential of the in vivo spectral mapping imaging modality as an adjunct tool to conventional color camera-based hysteroscopy, offering improved and quantitative diagnosis.