Geopolitical factors affecting childhood nutrition: Iraqi case

In Iraq, child’s health had been deteriorated over three turbulent decades starting from the huge and rapid degradation of the country infrastructure by Iraq –Iran war (1980-1988), Gulf War in 1991, and economic sanction.

Using Fuzzy Logic Method to Investigate the Effect of Economic Sanctions on Business Cycles in the Islamic Republic of Iran

One of the main economic issues in Iran is the issue of economic sanctions. These sanctions have been imposed by various institutions and countries around the world in various forms since 1979 against Iran. Economic sanctions have affected large sections of Iran’s economy. Meanwhile, economic sanctions against Iran have had far-reaching effects on trade cycles in Iran. The purpose of this article is to investigate the impact of economic sanctions on the structure of business cycles in Iran. The sanction index is a tool for studying quantitative sanctions. The opinions of 15 experts in sanctions economics were collected using fuzzy questionnaires. And the sanction index was obtained. The fuzzy logic method in the MATLAB software space calculated the economic sanction index for 1979–2019. The self-regression calculated the effect of economic sanctions on business cycles. There are two scenarios in this article. In scenario 1, sanctions increased inflation, reduced production, and reduced investment. Also, during the embargo period, the recessions are longer. The second scenario of the research shows the economy without sanctions. The results showed that, in these conditions, inflation has less effect on production and investment. And the economy will experience a long period of prosperity without sanctions.

Regime Type, Issue Type and Economic Sanctions: The Role of Domestic Players

This analysis highlights the significant role that domestic actors play in determining the outcomes of economic sanctions. It models the behavior of the main opposition party during an economic sanction episode, and introduces two commonly used variables when considering the effectiveness of economic sanctions—regime type and issue type—from a different perspective. Using Bayesian probabilities and a two-stage game-theoretic approach, the analysis finds that states are more likely to impose economic sanctions related to security issues rather than to nonsecurity issues. The tendency to impose sanctions to coerce action on security-related issues is higher when opposition parties in the sanctioning state object to the sanctions. The findings demonstrate that sanctions are more effective when they are supported by the opposition in sender states, as well as target states. Consistent with the literature, this analysis finds that sanctions are more effective when they are targeted against democracies. The game results indicate that sanctions are more successful when they relate to security issues. This paper supplies policymakers with a simple criterion for economic sanctions successs comprised of the support of the opposition within the sender state, that the issue should be of high stakes, and there is support for the economic sanctions from a viable opposition within the target state.

Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA) Inconsistencies: The Case of India S-400 Weapon Procurement

Tulisan ini membahas kebijakan Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA) yang diterapkan oleh Amerika Serikat terhadap negara-negara yang melakukan pembelanjaan militer dengan Rusia, Iran, dan Korea Utara. Kebijakan CAATSA yang berbentuk sanksi embargo ini penting untuk ditelaah melalui berbagai perspektif ilmiah karena merupakan kebijakan sanksi ekonomi pertama Amerika yang diterapkan secara kolektif. Berbeda dengan sanksi embargo sebelumnya yang diaplikasikan secara personal terhadap suatu negara dengan alasan tertentu, CAATSA ditujukan terhadap semua negara kendati pada kenyataannya terdapat pengecualian. Meskipun penelitian mengenai CAATSA ini tidak banyak dilakukan, namun demikian sebagian besar kajian terdahulu lebih banyak melihat dengan sudut pandang hubungan Amerika-India, hukum penegakan sanksi embargo, proses pembuatan kebijakan Amerika, serta dampak ekonomi dari adanya sanksi embargo. Dengan menggunakan sudut pandang diplomasi koersif sebagai kerangka analisis, tulisan ini membingkai kegagalan pelaksanaan kebijakan CAATSA terhadap India. Argumen utama dalam tulisan ini adalah kebijakan sanksi embargo ekonomi tidak bisa diterapkan secara kolektif karena akan bertabrakan dengan kepentingan lain yang lebih besar, serta membuat penerapan menjadi tidak efektif karena adanya pengecualian terhadap beberapa negara.Kata kunci: CAATSA, Diplomasi Koersif, IndiaThis paper discusses the Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA) policy applied by the United States to countries that do military dealing with Russia, Iran and North Korea. CAATSA's policy in the form of an embargo sanction is important to be explored through various scientific perspectives because it is the first American economic sanction policy that is applied collectively. Unlike the previous embargo sanctions that were applied personally to a country for certain reasons, CAATSA was aimed at all countries despite the fact that there were exceptions. Although research on CAATSA is scarce, however, most of the previous studies looked more in view of American-Indian relations, law enforcement of embargo sanctions, American policy-making processes, and the economic impact of sanctions on embargoes. Using the perspective of coercive diplomacy as an analytical framework, this paper framed the failure of CAATSA's policy implementation towards India. The main argument in this paper is that the policy of sanctioning the economic embargo cannot be applied collectively because it will collide with other larger interests, and make the application ineffective because of the exception of several countries.Keyword: CAATSA, Coercive Diplomacy, India