Tight Jurassic Carbonate Reservoir Characterization and Fluid Typing Identification by Integrating Magnetic Resonance, Elemental Spectroscopy and Micro-Resistivity Image Data in Umm Ross Field, West Kuwait, Case Study

The Middle Marrat reservoir of Jurassic age is a tight carbonate reservoir with vertical and horizontal heterogeneous properties. The variation in lithology, vertical and horizontal facies distribution lead to complicated reservoir characterization which lead to unexpected production behavior between wells in the same reservoir. Marrat reservoir characterization by conventional logging tools is a challenging task because of its low clay content and high-resistivity responses. The low clay content in Marrat reservoirs gives low gamma ray counts, which makes reservoir layer identification difficult. Additionally, high resistivity responses in the pay zones, coupled with the tight layering make production sweet spot identification challenging. To overcome these challenges, integration of data from advanced logging tools like Sidewall Magnetic Resonance (SMR), Geochemical Spectroscopy Tool (GST) and Electrical Borehole Image (EBI) supplied a definitive reservoir characterization and fluid typing of this Tight Jurassic Carbonate (Marrat formation). The Sidewall Magnetic resonance (SMR) tool multi wait time enabled T2 polarization to differentiate between moveable water and hydrocarbons. After acquisition, the standard deliverables were porosity, the effective porosity ratio, and the permeability index to evaluate the rock qualities. Porosity was divided into clay-bound water (CBW), bulk-volume irreducible (BVI) and bulk-volume moveable (BVM). Rock quality was interpreted and classified based on effective porosity and permeability index ratios. The ratio where a steeper gradient was interpreted as high flow zones, a gentle gradient as low flow zones, and a flat gradient was considered as tight baffle zones. SMR logging proved to be essential for the proper reservoir characterization and to support critical decisions on well completion design. Fundamental rock quality and permeability profile were supplied by SMR. Oil saturation was identified by applying 2D-NMR methods, T1/T2 vs. T2 and Diffusion vs. T2 maps in a challenging oil-based mud environment. The Electrical Borehole imaging (EBI) was used to identify fracture types and establish fracture density. Additionally, the impact of fractures to enhance porosity and permeability was possible. The Geochemical Spectroscopy Tool (GST) for the precise determination of formation chemistry, mineralogy, and lithology, as well as the identification of total organic carbon (TOC). The integration of the EBI, GST and SMR datasets provided sweet spots identification and perforation interval selection candidates, which the producer used to bring wells onto production.

Assessment of Dibdibba Groundwater Quality Using the Multivariate Statistical Technique in Zuber area South of Iraq

Thirty-three samples of groundwater were taken from Dibdibba unconfined aquifer in the Zuber area southwestern parts of Basrah governorate south of Iraq to assess the groundwater quality. A statistical multivariate analysis was done using cations and anions, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), and electrical conductivity (EC) that were measured for drinking, livestock, and construction purposes. Residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC), Magnesium Ratio (MR), and Permeability index (PI) were used to evaluate the suitability of the present samples for irrigation activity. The quality of groundwater in the study area is unsuitable for drinking water, industrial and building uses. But it is suitable for livestock uses, According to Residual Sodium Carbonate and Magnesium Ratio the groundwater in the study area are suitable for irrigation purposes, but unsuitable for Permeability index. Multivariate analysis results indicate the high positive correlation between Ec and TDS with other constituents, two significant clusters I and II are obtained with significant Ec and TDS responsible for playing the most effective in classifying the present samples. 71.85% and l2.21% of the present of the total variance of the groundwater samples were explained by Factor analyses, Factor I indicated increasing Cl-, Mg+2, Na+, and Ca+2 with the highest weight and Factor II show lower weight average of K+ concentration only. The results confirm the dissolution of sulfate salts and evaporate minerals, in addition to high agricultural lands and farm activities, besides the wastes from chemical construction industries.

HYDROGEOCHEMISTRY AND GROUNDWATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT IN AZINTAN, NORTHWESTERN LIBYA

The groundwater aquifers in Azintan, northwestern Libya suffer from an acute shortage of water. The groundwater was evaluated to determine its suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes from major two aquifers in north and south of Azintan area. This study carried out to assess the groundwater quality and to identify major affecting variables. Twelve samples from the two aquifers were collected. The two aquifers were collected and analyzed for total dissolved , 2+ , Mg 2+ solid (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), pH, Ca . The results show - and HCO3 2- , CO3 2- , SO4 - , Cl + , K+ Na that, the groundwater in many places is dominated by . Two - and HCO3 2- , SO4 - higher concentrations of Cl water types were recognized in this region are Cl-SO4- Na-Ca and Cl-SO4-Na. Gibbs and Piper method, as well as the hardness, soluble sodium percentage and the permeability index all have been used to assess the diagram quality of the groundwater of aquifers. Further, the multiple correlations and Cluster Analysis of groundwater quality parameters were carried out for further classification and interpretation of the groundwater quality. Finally, water qualities in the study area are compared with Libyan standards and WHO guidelines of drinking water and irrigation purposes.

Hypercapnia and its combination with hypoxia decrease the permeability of the blood-brain barrier in rats

Цель исследования - оценка проницаемости ГЭБ после сочетанного воздействия гиперкапнии и гипоксии. Методика. Исследования проведены на 40 крысах-самцах Wistar рандомизированых на 4 равные группы (n=10): нормобарическая гипоксия (PO2 - 90 мм рт. ст./13%; PCO2 - 1 мм рт. ст./0,1%); пермиссивная гиперкапния (PO2 - 150 мм рт. ст./21%; PСO2 - 50 мм рт. ст./7%); гиперкапническая гипоксия (PO2 - 90 мм рт. ст./13%; PCO2 - 50 мм рт. ст./7%); контрольная группа (PO2 - 150 мм рт. ст./21%; PCO2 - 1 мм рт. ст./0,1%). Респираторные воздействия проводили в специальной камере в течение 15 сут по 30 мин ежедневно. Газовую смесь подавали в камеру компрессором со скоростью 15 л/мин. Контроль газового состава в камере проводили газоанализатором Microlux (Микролюкс, Россия). Через 24 ч после завершения курсов респираторных воздействий животным внутрибрюшинно вводили 2%-й раствор красителя Evans blue в объеме 4 мл/кг массы животного. Оценку проницаемости ГЭБ осуществляли через 24 ч после введения красителя путем фотометрического измерения его содержания в плазме крови и флуоресцентной микроскопии ткани головного мозга. Анализ интенсивности флуоресценции Evans blue в ткани головного мозга проводился на конфокальном микроскопе FV10i-W (Olympus, Япония). Определяли флуоресцентную интегративную оптическую плотность Evans blue с последующим расчетом индекса проницаемости по концентрации красителя в крови. Определение содержания красителя в крови осуществляли фотометрически (при 610 нм) с использованием планшетного фотометра Multiscan FS (Thermo scientific, США) по калибровочным кривым. Результаты. Индекс проницаемости ГЭБ (содержание в мозге/концентрация в крови) был существенно ниже в группах, которые подвергались респираторным воздействиям с наличием гиперкапнического компонента. Заключение. Интермиттирующая гиперкапническая гипоксия формирует наименьший уровень проницаемости ГЭБ по сравнению с изолированным воздействием гипоксии или гиперкапнии. The aim of study was to evaluate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability after a combined treatment with hypercapnia and hypoxia. Methods. Experiments were performed on 40 Wistar male rats randomized to 4 equal groups (n=10): normobaric hypoxia (PO2 = 90 mm Hg/13%/PCO2 = 1 mm Hg/0.1% CO2,), permissive hypercapnia (PO2 = 150 mm Hg/21%; PCO2 = 50 mm Hg/7%); hypercapnic hypoxia (PO2 = 90 mm Hg/13%, PCO2 = 50 mm Hg/7%); and a control group (PO2 - 150 mm Hg/21%; PCO2 - 1 mm Hg/0.1%) in a special chamber for 15 days, 30 min daily. The gas mixture was delivered to the chamber with a compressor at 15 l/min. Gas composition was monitored with a gas analyzer (Microlux, Russia). At 24 hrs after completion of respiratory exposures, Evans blue dye was administered i.p. (4 ml/kg body weight). BBB permeability was assessed from the content of Evans blue dye in blood plasma photometrically and in brain tissue by fluorescent microscopy. Evans blue fluorescence intensity in brain tissue was analyzed with a confocal microscope FV10i-W (Olympus, Japan). Fluorescent integrative optical density of Evans blue was determined and used for calculation of the permeability index from blood concentration of the dye. Blood concentration of the dye was measured photometrically (at 610 nm) with a plate photometer Multiscan FS (Thermo Scientific, USA) using calibration curves. Results. The BBB permeability index (content of Evans blue dye in the brain / concentration of Evans blue dye in blood) was significantly lower in the groups that underwent respiratory exposures with the presence of a hypercapnic component. Conclusion. Intermittent hypercapnic hypoxia yields the lowest BBB permeability compared to the isolated effect of either hypoxia or hypercapnia.

Empirical Study on Reduction Behavior and Metallurgical Properties of Vanadia–Titania Magnetite in Blast Furnace

The loss of permeability affects the reduction of the ferrous burden in the cohesive zone of a blast furnace (BF). Vanadia–titania magnetite (VTM) burden of various chemical compositions have different metallurgical properties. The reduction and softening-melting-dripping properties of different kinds of VTM were investigated. The results showed that the core of sinter or pellet is indirectly reduced to wustite and (Fe,Ti)Ox, and the periphery contains interlinked metallic iron and CaSiO3 in the cohesive zone. Wustite and (Fe,Ti)Ox are directly reduced in the melting-dripping zone. The aggregate (Fe, V, Cr) present in the non-dripping causes a loss of valuable components. With the increase in TiO2 content, the substrate phase of molten slag changes from melilite to titanaugite, and the mass of dripping decreases gradually. In addition, the permeability index S increased and the melting zone widened, which indicates that the increase in TiO2 content negatively affected the melting-dripping performance. The mass of the dripping is directly proportional to the pellet ratio. Considering the adverse effect of TiO2 on softening-melting-dripping properties, it is recommended that high TiO2 VTM is smelted while mixed with ordinary ores or with an increased pellet ratio in the burden structure.

CT Simplified Radiomic Approach to Assess the Metastatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma of the Pancreas

The aim of this study was to perform a simplified radiomic analysis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma based on qualitative and quantitative tumor features and to compare the results between metastatic and non-metastatic patients. A search of our radiological, surgical, and pathological databases identified 1218 patients with a newly diagnosed pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma who were referred to our Institution between January 2014 and December 2018. Computed Tomography (CT) examinations were reviewed analyzing qualitative and quantitative features. Two hundred eighty-eight patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were included in this study. Overall, metastases were present at diagnosis in 86/288 patients, while no metastases were identified in 202/288 patients. Ill-defined margins and a hypodense appearance on portal-phase images were significantly more common among patients with metastases compared to non-metastatic patients (p < 0.05). Metastatic tumors showed a significantly larger size and significantly lower arterial index, perfusion index, and permeability index compared to non-metastatic tumors (p < 0.05). In the management of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, early detection and correct staging are key elements. The study of computerized tomography characteristics of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma showed substantial differences, both qualitative and quantitative, between metastatic and non-metastatic disease.

A critical review of the Water Sorptivity Index (WSI) parameter for potential durability assessment: Can WSI be considered in isolation of porosity?

ABSTRACT The Durability Index (DI) approach used in South Africa is linked to transport-related properties of the cover layer of concrete. This performance-based approach utilises three different durability-related parameters, namely Water Sorptivity Index (WSI), Oxygen Permeability Index (OPI) and Chloride Conductivity Index (CCI). In the water sorptivity test, both the sorptivity and the water-penetrable porosity of the concrete are measured. Until now, porosity has not been considered directly as a separate durability-related parameter. This paper analyses these implications and suggests that porosity should be adopted as a further index. The paper concludes that sorptivity cannot be interpreted without also reflecting the porosity value since these two parameters are inter-related. Keywords: concrete durability, durability index, water sorptivity, porosity, absorption

Assessment of Groundwater for Irrigation Using (IWQI) Model, Located in Al-Nimrud Region at Southeastern of Mosul City, Iraq

The study aimed to understand the quality of groundwater in Al-Nimrud region south-eastern part of Mosul city, Iraq. Groundwater samples from 10 wells were collected during the dry season and analyzed for their physical and chemical properties using standard laboratory methods. From the analyzed data, some parameters like sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (Na%), potenial salinity (PS), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR), permeability index (PI) and Kellys ratio (KR) were calculated for each water sample to know the irrigational fitness and irrigation water quality index (WQI) was applied to the analytical results of the parameters to obtain a single value that was used to rank the groundwater at each well for agricultural uses. The results showed a high levels of salts for most of the water samples studied, where the average values of EC ranged between (1.64 to 5.069) dS. m -1 . Also, the estimated parameters such as Na%, SAR, PI, KR were within the appropriate levels for irrigation, while the values of MAR, PS for most of the samples were within the inappropriate limits for irrigation. Also, the results of the WQI values showed that the groundwater quality falls between the category of severe to low restrictions, therefore the use of most of the water for irrigation in the study area is likely to lead to the problem of salinity in soils with heavy texture.

Method to Determine the Constitutive Permeability Parameters of Non-Linear Consolidation Models by Means of the Oedometer Test

This paper presents an easy-to-apply methodology that allows obtaining the permeability index and the initial hydraulic conductivity of clayey soils, basic constitutive parameters in non-linear models of consolidation, based on the laboratory oedometer test. For this, the data of the void ratio, compressibility index and characteristic consolidation time are taken from the test and, as an inverse problem, the constitutive permeability parameters sought are determined by applying the universal solutions of the characteristic time for a general non-linear consolidation model with constitutive relations void ratio-effective soil stress and hydraulic conductivity-void ratio of logarithmic type. The application protocol of the inverse problem is described in detail and illustrated by a series of applications carried out on real laboratory data belonging to two different soils. The influence that errors in laboratory parameter measurements can have on the final values of the permeability index and initial hydraulic conductivity is studied, showing the maximum deviations that may appear and, by last, the precision of the results obtained.

Hydrogeochemistry and Overall Appraisal of Groundwater Status of Taldangra Block, Bankura District, West Bengal, India

South-western districts of the state of West Bengal, India are considered to be a significantly water-stressed area of the state because of unfavourable geological setting, subsurface lithology, soil cover and surface drainage pattern. Updated geohydrological data on micro-scale i.e., at subdivision or block-level are scanty for Bankura District, West Bengal. For the present study, a geo-hydrological survey was conducted in Taldangra block of Bankura District, West Bengal, during post and pre-monsoon session of 2017–18, to obtain an intense status on present groundwater quality of this water-stressed block. Variation of concentration of major affecting ions and spatial-temporal seasonal variations of water table elevation head and subsurface shift of predominant recharge and discharge zones of the block were demarked explaining the possible reasons. Suitability status of the groundwater for drinking, domestic and irrigation usages was also rated by the estimation of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), permeability index (PI), Piper trilinear diagram.