Comparison of the kinematics, repeatability, and reproducibility of five different multi-segment foot models

Background Multi-segment foot models (MFMs) for assessing three-dimensional segmental foot motions are calculated via various analytical methods. Although validation studies have already been conducted, we cannot compare their results because the experimental environments in previous studies were different from each other. This study aims to compare the kinematics, repeatability, and reproducibility of five MFMs in the same experimental conditions. Methods Eleven healthy males with a mean age of 26.5 years participated in this study. We created a merged 29-marker set including five MFMs: Oxford (OFM), modified Rizzoli (mRFM), DuPont (DFM), Milwaukee (MiFM), and modified Shriners Hospital for Children Greenville (mSHCG). Two operators applied the merged model to participants twice, and then we analysed two relative angles of three segments: shank-hindfoot (HF) and hindfoot-forefoot (FF). Coefficients of multiple correlation (CMC) and mean standard errors were used to assess repeatability and reproducibility, and statistical parametric mapping (SPM) of the t-value was employed to compare kinematics. Results HF varus/valgus of the MiFM and mSHCG models, which rotated the segment according to radiographic or goniometric measurements during the reference frame construction, were significantly more repeatable and reproducible, compared to other models. They showed significantly more dorsiflexed HF and plantarflexed FF due to their static offset angles. DFM and mSHCG showed a greater range of motion (ROM), and some models had significantly different FF points of peak angle. Conclusions Under the same conditions, rotating the segment according to the appropriate offset angle obtained from radiographic or goniometric measurement increased reliability, but all MFMs had clinically acceptable reliability compared to previous studies. Moreover, in some models, especially HF varus/valgus, there were differences in ROM and points of peak angle even with no statistical difference in SPM curves. Therefore, based on the results of this study, clinicians and researchers involved in the evaluation of foot and ankle dysfunction need an understanding of the specific features of each MFM to make accurate decisions.

Solution of Bullet Proof Wooden Frame Construction Panel with a Built-In Air Duct

The growing terrorism threats across the world play an important role in the design of civil buildings and living areas. The safety of personnel is a top priority in unclassified buildings, especially military buildings. However indoor air quality and thermal comfort has a direct impact on personal productivity and ability to concentrate on duties and affect the decision making in stress conditions. The use of wooden structures is becoming more common in the building construction, and application of wooden frame structures for the construction of new buildings as well as for retrofitting the existing buildings. Prefabricated wooded frame construction perfectly fits need of unclassified buildings, allowing significant reduction of construction time and integration of various active and passive elements, such as a fresh air supply duct. Within the scope of this paper a 12 mm thick ballistic panel made of aramid was tested. Ballistic panel, thermal conductivity, and fire resistance of wooded construction panel with embedded air duct were analyzed for the various modelled exterior wall solutions. The main advantage of the proposed technology is fast and qualitative modular construction of unclassified buildings, providing all modern requirements not only for safety, but also for the energy efficiency and indoor air quality. It was found that bullet proof aramid panels do not reduce overall fire safety in comparison to traditional construction materials. However embedded outdoor air supply ducts significantly reduces construction heat transfer coefficient.

Effects of climate change on the moisture performance and durability of brick veneer walls of wood frame construction in Canada

The objective of this study was to assess the potential effects of climate change on the moisture performance and durability of red matt clay brick veneer walls of wood frame construction on the basis of results derived from hygrothermal simulations. One-dimensional simulations were run using DELPHIN 5.9 for selected moisture reference years of the 15 realizations of modelled historical (H: 1986-2016) and future (F: 2062-2092) climate data of 12 Canadian cities. The mold growth index at the outer layer of the OSB sheathing panel was used to compare the moisture performance under H and F periods. Results for the base design that meet the minimum requirements of the National Building Code of Canada showed that cities within the interior of the country, characterized by a low annual rainfall, are less likely to develop significant mold growth under H and F periods, whereas cities in coastal areas, characterized by high annual rainfall, present a heightened risk to mold growth under both H and F periods. For cities located on the west coast, a possible solution could be to use a 38-mm ventilated drainage cavity as this measure would help dissipate moisture from within the cavity. On the east coast, apart from using a 38-mm ventilated drainage cavity, other measures aiming at reducing the wind-driven rain deposition (i.e., increasing overhang ratio or the height of the roof) could be introduced. However, the feasibility of such measures needs to be considered in respect to whether these are to be implemented as part of a new building or retrofit of an existing one.

Nuts & Bolts: An exploration of design for deconstruction and component re-use in engineered timber construction

<p><b>This research is fuelled by the ever-increasing impact of global pollution and climate change, and the role the construction industry plays in it. Vast amounts of construction waste, needless manufacturing of single-use and composite products, and poor construction practices culminate in a linear economy model on which the world operates. It is a problem that can no longer be ignored and must be rectified. This research aims to develop and propose a construction system suitable for deconstruction and continued component reuse, using engineered timber products available in today’s market. The system will be tested against several implementations across a variety of building scales. This research has the intention of enabling component reuse for a circular economy. A circular economy minimises waste produced. Less waste is good.</b></p> <p>The resulting design proposal is a modular and prefabricated braced frame construction system to suit large and small scales, with removable foundations and adaptive spatial planning. Effective separation of building layers is achieved to allow for access, maintenance, and simple disassembly. Traditional Japanese timber joining techniques have also been researched and used to influence component connection design for deconstruction. This research eliminates irreversible fixings such as adhesives, nails, and screws. The system is then tested across commercial, residential, and small-scale implementations to test its feasibility.</p> <p>It will serve as a case study that questions how we think of buildings and value their components. It aims to enable the same components to be useful across multiple building scales, minimising redundancy and waste.</p>

Nuts & Bolts: An exploration of design for deconstruction and component re-use in engineered timber construction

<p><b>This research is fuelled by the ever-increasing impact of global pollution and climate change, and the role the construction industry plays in it. Vast amounts of construction waste, needless manufacturing of single-use and composite products, and poor construction practices culminate in a linear economy model on which the world operates. It is a problem that can no longer be ignored and must be rectified. This research aims to develop and propose a construction system suitable for deconstruction and continued component reuse, using engineered timber products available in today’s market. The system will be tested against several implementations across a variety of building scales. This research has the intention of enabling component reuse for a circular economy. A circular economy minimises waste produced. Less waste is good.</b></p> <p>The resulting design proposal is a modular and prefabricated braced frame construction system to suit large and small scales, with removable foundations and adaptive spatial planning. Effective separation of building layers is achieved to allow for access, maintenance, and simple disassembly. Traditional Japanese timber joining techniques have also been researched and used to influence component connection design for deconstruction. This research eliminates irreversible fixings such as adhesives, nails, and screws. The system is then tested across commercial, residential, and small-scale implementations to test its feasibility.</p> <p>It will serve as a case study that questions how we think of buildings and value their components. It aims to enable the same components to be useful across multiple building scales, minimising redundancy and waste.</p>

Identification of application of biological architecture in the South Nias’s traditional House in Indonesia

Nias Selatan is located in the west of the island of Sumatra, Indonesia, has a unique traditional house in the form of a stilt house with a sloping roof, and a wooden frame construction where all the building materials are made of biological materials, obtained from the natural surroundings. Buildings are strongly influenced by the environment and its inhabitants, which are in harmony with the principles of biological architecture. This study aims to identify the application of biological architecture in South Nias traditional houses. The research method used is qualitative content analysis, namely research methods with in-depth conceptual integration. The environment (climate, location, vegetation, land and water) and people / inhabitants (basic human needs, culture, beliefs / religions, and livelihoods) are important indicators as well as factors causing the birth of the traditional house of South Nias. These factors will be analyzed to determine the impact (architectural design, materials, construction) on the building. From the research results, it can be concluded that the traditional houses of South Nias apply biological architecture that reflects the genius locus of their ancestors.

Tectonics of avoidance

This article unfolds as a dialogue between architectural and economics concerns on how a sustainable circular practice can be introduced and upscaled in construction. It will point towards absolute sustainable targets and will be analyze in juxtaposition to the (weak) economic drivers that can get us there (Brejnrod et al., 2017; Eberhardt et al., 2020). First, it is established that sustainable innovation is design strategies that simplify construction in order to avoid environmental impacts tied to building material overuse. These strategies are defined as tectonics of avoidance and consist of two, direct and indirect, approaches to architectural design. Common for both is that as innovation they must be understood more at applied complex knowledge more than a specific product. In the second part of the article, we discuss how this kind of information (knowledge) can be applied in the economic circumstances that frame construction and architecture today. How it challenges the path-dependency of design methods today and how information and complex knowledge can be ‘sold’ in an ‘open source’ or ‘closed’ approach to the existing marked for construction.

Comparison the Strength of Midship Structures With Margin Plate and Without Margin Plate

Margin plate is a part of bottom construction that joint the floor and frame construction of the ship, so the inner bottom plate will be installed cut off on the margin plate. Lately the bottom construction of the ship tends not to use the margin plate. The ship is currently built with an inner bottom plate continuously from the left side to the right side of the ship.This study aims to determine the transversal and longitudinal strength ratio of ships with and without margin plate. The analysis was carried out by using Finite Element Method so-called ANSYSTM. The result shows if the loadvariatied 0.2 x maximum load on the calculation of the transverse strength of the ship, the stress value on the ship model with a margin plate was 9.6242 (N/mm2) and on the ship model without margin plate was 8.4739 (N/mm2) under conditions 100%. The results of the comparison due to bottom load averaged 15.82%. The difference in stress due to the effect of deck loads was an average of 13.49% while the effect of side loads was on average 8.74%. The longitudinal strength of the ship was also a varied of every increase of 0.2 x maximum moment with a review point of meeting between bottom plate and bilga plate for the ship model without margin plates using the Multi Point Constraint (MPC) method looking for results in sagging conditions of 12,443 (N / mm2) and the hogging condition was -11.045 (N / mm2) at 100% x maximum moment load conditions. So that the ship model with a margin plate sagging condition was 23,189 (N / mm2) and hagging condition was -20,585 (N / mm2). The results showed the stress that occurred in the ship model without using margin plate was better to withstand the transverse and longitudinal strength of the ship compared to the ship model with the margin plate.