Changing Forms of Corruption in India

This article has four important goals. First, I want to ask why liberalization and market-friendly reforms failed to curb corruption in India. Indeed, confounding the predictions of most proponents of reform, corruption seems to have increased after the neoliberal reforms of 1991. Second, I aim to develop a typology in which the importance of particular sectors to corrupt practices is highlighted and explained. Third, I point out that India has failed to make the ‘transition’ historically seen in low-income countries as they develop. Nation-states have in the past moved from a system of vertical corruption—marked by the extraction of small sums from a large number of transactions with citizens in everyday life—to a system of horizontal corruption, in which governmental elites extract large sums in a small number of transactions from corporate and commercial bodies. Finally, I argue that anti-corruption movements cannot be understood without paying attention to the affective and emotional ties that bind citizens to the state. We have to take account of contradictory feelings about the state: cynicism about the state and popular anger against corruption on one side, and an attachment to popular sovereignty and patronage on the other. These contradictory sentiments will better enable us to understand the conjunctures that lead to effective institutional change.

Masalah Kusta dan Diskriminasi Serta Stigmatisasinya di Indonesia

By developing an understanding on leprosy issues in social-community perspective, we will be more understanding to leprosy and many others. This is still a paramount in developing and building character especially in leadership context in modern Indonesia society. Good Interpersonal relationship always starts from self awareness, and then it could be developing among the men and women especially marginalized people in our society. Finally we could eliminate stigma and discrimination for people affected by leprosy promptly. The writer used the qualitiative method, with the aim of this research focuses on how to develop Nation Character Building based on our Founding Fathers Vision and make it down to earth to be our daily habits, appreciating and fair enough for every people and avoiding stigma and discrimination to anyone including people with disability and people affected by leprosy.