Surveilans Newcastle Disease (ND) pada Unggas di Papua Barat

Newcastle Disease merupakan penyakit viral menular pada unggas yang disebabkan oleh strain virulen Avian Paramyxovirus-1 (vAPMV-1), bisa menyebab kematian yang besar pada unggas tertular. Kegiatan surveilans telah dilakukan oleh Balai Besar Veteriner Maros di provinsi Papua Barat dalam rangka deteksi dini serta mengetahui sirkulasi virus ND pada beberapa jenis unggas di beberapa kabupaten pada ternak unggas. Sebanyak 215 pool swab orofaring unggas dari ayam buras, ayam broiler, ayam layer, itik, entog dan puyuh. Sampel diambil dari 2 kabupaten/kota, 8 kecamatan, 10 desa. Pengujian terhadap sampel swab unggas tersebut di lakukan di Laboratoium Virologi dengan metode isolasi pada telur specific pathogen free (SPF). Hasilnya menunjukkan ditemukan 5 pool swab positif terhadap ND dari 15 pool swab pada ayam broiler di Kabupaten Manokwari. Bioskuriti dan vaksinasi ND perlu dilakukan di lokasi peternakan untuk mencegah serangan ND.

Avian Paramyxovirus Type 1 in Egypt: Epidemiology, Evolutionary Perspective, and Vaccine Approach

Avian orthoavulavirus 1, formerly known as avian paramyxovirus type-1 (APMV-1), infects more than 250 different species of birds. It causes a broad range of clinical diseases and results in devastating economic impact due to high morbidity and mortality in addition to trade restrictions. The ease of spread has allowed the virus to disseminate worldwide with subjective virulence, which depends on the virus strain and host species. The emergence of new virulent genotypes among global epizootics, including those from Egypt, illustrates the time-to-time genomic alterations that lead to simultaneous evolution of distinct APMV-1 genotypes at different geographic locations across the world. In Egypt, the Newcastle disease was firstly reported in 1947 and continued to occur, despite rigorous prophylactic vaccination, and remained a potential threat to commercial and backyard poultry production. Since 2005, many researchers have investigated the nature of APMV-1 in different outbreaks, as they found several APMV-1 genotypes circulating among various species. The unique intermingling of migratory, free-living, and domesticated birds besides the availability of frequently mobile wild birds in Egypt may facilitate the evolution power of APMV-1 in Egypt. Pigeons and waterfowls are of interest due to their inclusion in Egyptian poultry industry and their ability to spread the infection to other birds either by presence of different genotypes (as in pigeons) or by harboring a clinically silent disease (as in waterfowl). This review details (i) the genetic and pathobiologic features of APMV-1 infections in Egypt, (ii) the epidemiologic and evolutionary events in different avian species, and (iii) the vaccine applications and challenges in Egypt.

Review on Newcastle disease in poultry

Newcastle disease is an infectious disease of poultry caused by an avian Paramyxovirus type I that affects more than two hundred avian species. It is an enzootic disease in parts of Asia, Africa, the Middle East and some countries in South America. Isolated outbreaks of Newcastle disease occur sporadically in some European countries and Central America. This review synthesizes available information on the virus and the disease it causes. The disease is transmitted by direct contact with infected animals or by indirect contact through inanimate carriers. The incubation period of the disease varied from 2 to 15 days. Five pathotypes were distinguished according to the incidence and severity of the clinical signs. Velogenic strains, which are the most virulent, can cause 100% mortality in unprotected herds. Control measures are based on mass vaccination of susceptible animals and the application of biosecurity measures in poultry farms. Regulations are also put in place to prevent the introduction of the virus into countries free of the disease.Keywords: Poultry, paramyxovirus, Newcastle disease, panzootie, mortality.

Analisis Filogeni Virus Newcastle Disease Isolat Bali Tahun 2013 Sampai 2014 Berdasarkan Sekuen Daerah Pemotongan Protein Fusion

Newcastle disease (ND) merupakan penyakit kontagius yang disebabkan virus Avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 yang menginfeksi bangsa unggas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pohon filogeni berdasarkan sekuan gen daerah pemotonan protein fusion dari virus ND pada peternakan ayam di provinsi Bali dari tahun 2013 sampai 2014. Sebanyak empat isolat virus dari kasus ayam sakit/mati yang dicurigai terinfeksi oleh virus Newcastle disease. Sekuen potongan gen F disejajarkan dan dianalisis dengan program MEGA5. Analisis sekuen asam amino daerah pemotongan protein F keempat isolat memiliki sekuen 112R-R-Q-K-R-F117 dan dilanjutkan dengan analisis pohom filogeni yang menunjukan bahwa keempat isolat merupakan virus Newcastle disease yang virulen. Penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa keempat isolat lapang Bali tahun 2013 sampai 2014 masuk ke dalam kelompok virus Newcastle disease genotipe VII.

Recovery of Recombinant Avian Paramyxovirus Type-3 Strain Wisconsin by Reverse Genetics and Its Evaluation as a Vaccine Vector for Chickens

A reverse genetic system for avian paramyxovirus type-3 (APMV-3) strain Wisconsin was created and the infectious virus was recovered from a plasmid-based viral antigenomic cDNA. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene was cloned into the recombinant APMV-3 genome as a foreign gene. Stable expression of GFP by the recovered virus was confirmed for at least 10 consecutive passages. APMV-3 strain Wisconsin was evaluated against APMV-3 strain Netherlands and APMV-1 strain LaSota as a vaccine vector. The three viral vectors expressing GFP as a foreign protein were compared for level of GFP expression level, growth rate in chicken embryo fibroblast (DF-1) cells, and tissue distribution and immunogenicity in specific pathogen-free (SPF) day-old chickens. APMV-3 strain Netherlands showed highest growth rate and GFP expression level among the three APMV vectors in vitro. APMV-3 strain Wisconsin and APMV-1 strain LaSota vectors were mainly confined to the trachea after vaccination of day-old SPF chickens without any observable pathogenicity, whereas APMV-3 strain Netherlands showed wide tissue distribution in different body organs (brain, lungs, trachea, and spleen) with mild observable pathogenicity. In terms of immunogenicity, both APMV-3 strain-vaccinated groups showed HI titers two to three fold higher than that induced by APMV-1 strain LaSota vaccinated group. This study offers a novel paramyxovirus vector (APMV-3 strain Wisconsin) which can be used safely for vaccination of young chickens as an alternative for APMV-1 strain LaSota vector.