Memoirs of Kerim Bey Ratay: Unknown Turkmen History Source from the Late 19th Century to the First Third of the 20th Century

Статья посвящена малоизвестной биографии Керим бея Ратая, представителя туркменского народа, и его трактовки истории борьбы туркмен за самоопределение в первой трети ХХ века. Публикуемая записка представляет собой источник, который отражает разные проблемы, связанные с туркменской историей, содержит его размышления о ситуации в Средней Азии, об историческом процессе в Северной Евразии, сведения, которые, которые потребуют дополнительного изучения. Из приведенных им рассуждений следует, что туркмены испытывали неприятие навязываемого им большевиками пути общественного развития, борясь за самостоятельность. На его взгляд, борьба туркмен в условиях советской власти вовсе не прекратилась, а закончится только тогда, когда ими будет завоевана независимость, когда ими будет воссоздано собственное государство, что и произошло с распадом СССР. This article presents a biography of Kerim Bey Ratay, a Turkmen, and his interpretation of the Turkmen struggle for self-determination in the first third of the 20th century. The source published here reflects various problems of Turkmen history, contains Kerim's thoughts on the situation in Central Asia, and gives insight on the historical processes in Northern Eurasia, providing information that requires further research. His take on the situation indicates that the Turkmen people did not like the social development choices being forced on them by the Bolsheviks and were fighting for independence. In his opinion, the Turkmen struggle never ceased after the establishment of Soviet rule and that it would only end when the Turkmen gained independence and reestablished their own state – that is exactly what happened with the dissolution of the USSR.

Restrictions on the Rights of Landowners and Entrepreneurs in Turkestan in the Early Years of Soviet Rule

The article analyzes the policy of persecution and restrictions imposed on Turkestan's landowners and entrepreneurs in the early years of Soviet rule. It contains information on the means of production owned by the owners, the confiscation of land and other property in favor of the state, the political restrictions on the business community.

The Jewish Proletariat of the USSR in the Late 1920s — Early 1930s

The article explores general tendencies of the Jewish proletariat formation in Ukraine in the late 1920s and early 1930s, analyzes the dynamic of this phenomenon in the USSR and the Ukrainian SSR, and concludes that their growth rates coincided. It shows main tendencies of the increasing number of Jewish workers at industrial enterprises of Odesa and Kyiv, and also the main spheres of employment of the Jewish population according to the population censuses of 1926 and 1939. Also, it identifies reasons for the entry of the Jewish population into the working class of the USSR, which include economic (unemployment, hunger) and political one (the need to demonstrate loyalty to the new Soviet power). It shows that the policy of industrialization served as the impetus for the encouragement of broad circles of the population, including national minorities and the Jewish population in particular, to work at factories and plants. The article considers the sources of the proletariat formation in the USSR and suggests that among the Jews there was a high proportion of artisans, employees, and traders who were converted to workers, while the share of peasants was insignificant given the policy of agrarian settlement of the Jewish population pursued by the Soviet authorities. The mechanism of recruiting potential workers in the USSR is revealed. The author elucidates the description of life of Jewish workers in the Soviet press. Using the example of Jewish workers of the Shcherbynskyi mine, author shows the path of vast majority of unskilled Jews to factories and plants, and their transformation into workers. The research concludes that despite numerous difficulties of various kinds, the number of Jewish workers in the Ukrainian SSR was constantly increasing, which can be interpreted as a logical consequence of the need to adjust to new living conditions under the Soviet rule.

Retelling Mecca: Shifting Narratives of Sacred Spaces in Volga-Ural Muslim Hajj Accounts, 1699–1945

This article examines how Volga-Ural Muslims narrated their encounters with the sacred spaces visited during the hajj. It examines nine accounts hajj composed from the 1690s to the 1940s, to consider how changes in international politics, Russia’s domestic politics, and the culture of Islamic learning within the VolgaUral Muslim community led to writers to revise narratives of why the sacred spaces of Mecca were sacred, how best to experience the power of these sacred spaces, and how these sacred spaces fit into the local culture of Volga-Ural Islam under Russian and Soviet rule.

Some Views On The History Of Daily Life Of Women In The Villages Of The Ferghana Valley (1946-1991)

In this article has been analyzed of some views on the history of daily life of women in the villages of the Ferghana valley in 1946-1991 by the helping historical sources, archive materials and literatures as well. It shown that over the years of Soviet rule, the living conditions of women in Uzbekistan, especially in the villages of the Ferghana Valley, depended on family income (monthly wages). Involvement of women in social labor was considered an important issue not only in terms of production but also in terms of politics.

On Folklore Archives and Heritage Claims: the Manas Epic in Kyrgyzstan

In this article I focus on the importance of folklore archives in staking heritage claims and in disputes over cultural “ownership.” I use as a case study the Manas epic which is shared by post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan and China’s Kyrgyz minority. By analyzing the actors who took part in the transcription of the epic, the conditions under which these transcriptions were conducted, and the results they yielded, I show how, in the case of Kyrgyzstan, turning the epic from an oral tradition into a literary monument that could be claimed as national heritage was a long story of suffering and coercion, aspirations for reward and recognition, disaccords between holders of official authority and subordinates, and never-ending personal conflicts, all under the constantly looming threat of political repression. I contrast the uses of collections of transcripts under Soviet rule and in the post-independence period which overlapped with the UNESCO-driven heritage rush worldwide. I argue that while under Soviet rule the transcripts of the epic were “raw data” which editors, translators and scholars could bend according to their needs or their expertise, after independence these transcripts have been used both as a means of authenticating the epic and claiming it as heritage. I conceptualize this process as the “transvaluation” of folklore archives, or a process in which transcripts were turned into valuable historical artefacts by downplaying the agencies involved in their production and the circumstances under which it took place.

THE STATE OF INDUSTRY IN TURKESTAN IN THE EARLY YEARS OF SOVIET RULE

The article deals with the history of the industrialization of Turkestan in the 20thyears of the XXth century. Outlines the main directions of the policy of the Bolshevik regime of the Soviets in this area. And also the history of construction of industrial enterprises in the region is given. KEY WORDS: industry, Turkestan, economy, soviet, Bolshevik regime, Constitution, NEP (New Economic plan), law, machinery and power plants

The Historical Development of Uzbek Literature in Afghanistan

Throughout history, Afghanistan has been a home to many nations. This land, which hosted Turks and Turkish Culture in the very early ages, is still home to many Turkish tribes. Today, this region, which is the cradle of the Chagatai literature, is considered a host to the vibrant literature of the Uzbeks of Afghanistan. The Afghan-Uzbek literature is a continuation of the Chagatai literature. Russian language has not been influential on the language and literature of the Uzbeks of Afghanistan who, for a long time, had not been under the Russian and Soviet rule; However, Persian language (Dari-Afghanistan Persian) has had a tremendous influence. Due to war and civil turmoil, sufficient work has not been done on the Afghan-Uzbek literature for many years. In our study, we seek to provide information on the Afghan-Uzbek literature from the period of late Chagatai literature to the present day.

ON THE ACTIVITIES OF THE PUBLIC FOOD SYSTEM IN UZBEKISTAN DURING THE SOVIET PERIOD

The article discusses the issues of the activity of the public catering system during the Soviet period, in particular, the policy and problems in this area affecting the issues of ensuring the material and technical base, as well as the need of the population itself in the field of public catering.During the years of Soviet rule, new directions in the public catering system were formed. A new approach was integrated in the management structure and in provision.A differentiated approach was introduced in the direction of public catering, i.e. reform in the issue of service, the cost of public catering. In other words, the cost price and service (in the public catering system) in large enterprises differed sharply from the prices in schools.