An anti-lock braking system algorithm using real-time wheel reference slip estimation and control

Knowledge of the tyre-road interface traction limit during braking of a road vehicle can drastically improve safety and ensure stable braking on varied road conditions. This study proposes an optimal reference slip algorithm that determines the road surface while the vehicle is braking, by implicitly tracking the traction limit. It presents wheel slip variance regulation as a potential approach towards reference wheel slip estimation for wheel slip regulation (WSR). The variance regulation approach computes reference wheel slip using past wheel slip estimates and regulates wheel slip variation at a set point. This variance regulation problem was solved using least-squares estimation, yielding reference slip dynamics. A 3-staged nested control architecture was developed with reference slip dynamics to yield an anti-lock braking system (ABS) algorithm consisting of a brake controller, WSR algorithm and reference slip estimation. The algorithm was experimentally corroborated in a Hardware-in-Loop setup consisting of the pneumatic brake system of a heavy commercial road vehicle, and IPG TruckMaker®, a vehicle dynamics simulation software. The proposed ABS algorithm was tested on straight roads with homogeneous surfaces, split friction surfaces, and transition friction surfaces. It ensured stable braking in all road cases, with a 7%–18% reduction in braking distance on homogeneous road surfaces compared to the same vehicle without ABS. The vehicle directional stability was retained on a split-friction surface, and the ABS algorithm was observed to adapt to sudden transitions in the road surface.

Amplified and quantum based brain storm optimization algorithms for real power loss reduction

In this work Amplified Brain Storm Optimization (ABS) algorithm and Quantum based Brain Storm (QBS) Optimization Algorithm is used for solving optimal reactive power problem. In the projected amplified Brain storm optimization algorithm Hamiltonian cycle has been applied to improve the search abilities and also to avoid of trap in local optimal solution. A node is arbitrarily chosen from the graph as the preliminary point to form a Hamiltonian cycle. At generation t and t+1, L_t and L_t₊₁ are the length of Hamiltonian cycle correspondingly. In the QBS algorithm a Quantum state of an idea is illustrated by a wave function as an alternative of the position modernized only in Brain storm optimization algorithm. Monte Carlo simulation method<em> </em>is used, to measure the position for each idea from the<em> </em>quantum state to the traditional one. Proposed Amplified Brain Storm Optimization (ABS) algorithm and Quantum based Brain Storm (QBS) Optimization Algorithm has been tested in standard IEEE 57 bus test system and simulation results show the projected algorithms reduced the real power loss effectively.

Managing the Difficult Airway: A Survey of Doctors With Different Seniority in China

Background: Although equipment and human resources are vital elements of difficult airway management (DAM), But the approach and practice of DAM are more important. So, We conducted the present survey to address anesthesiologists who of different working years in this knowledge gaps.Methods: This nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted from October 27, 2016 to November 27,2016. The survey was completed online in New Youth Anesthesia Forum including: DAM assesment, anticipated and unanticipated DAM, difficult airway algorithm, used of front of neck access (FONA) technique and training, DAM outside the OR and difficult extubation management. Results: We received 1935 replies (44%). Mouth opening and Mallampati classification were the most commonly methods to evaluate difficult airways. When suffer to unanticipated DA 63% less than 10 years anesthesiologists(LA) and 65% more than 10 years anesthesiologists (MA) would ask for help after trying 1-2 times (P=0.000). More than 70% of LA and MA respondents reported preferreing cannula cricothyrotomy to deal with emergency airway, 507 (41.6%) MA respondents reported that they used FONA techniques to save patients' lives (P=0.000). Nearly 70% respondents worried full stomach when intubated outside OR and more than 80% respondents selected auscultation to identify the placement. More than 80% respondents had not used Bougie to assist extubation. 73.2% respondents know ABS algorithm and 96.4% know Chinese airway expert consensus among MA respondents, this was significant to LA respondents(P=0.000).Conclusions: The respondents in the LA and MA have a training-gap in their evaluation of difficult airway, trained and used of FONA emergency skills, facilicated of the airway guidelines at home and abroad. Also, We should provide more airway theory and skill training to our young doctors to advanced airway skills.

An Adaptive and Fast Control Strategy for Antilock Braking System

After more than 30 years since the Antilock Braking System (ABS) was first introduced, it has become the most important active safety system used on passenger cars. However, it is hard to find a precise description of ABS, its stability and performance in the literature. Most of ABS algorithms currently used are not adaptive to changes of road friction conditions. The aim of our work is to provide a new ABS algorithm that is adaptive to changes of road conditions. To this end, an online parameter estimator is designed to estimate the road characteristics and maximum possible deceleration. Then, a driver demand regulator is proposed to limit the demanded deceleration to the maximum values. In this new strategy, road characteristics are estimated prior to the braking, not during the braking which makes it fast and adaptive. The proposed ABS algorithm is simulated on an artificial driving track and simulation results have been compared to a simple non-adaptive 6-phase Bosch ABS algorithm as our benchmark that is based on deceleration thresholds. Results show a better braking performance and more than 30% of reduction in braking distance.

Interaction of a Slip-Based Antilock Braking System with Tire Torsional Dynamics

ABSTRACT This paper presents simulation and experimental results that outline the interaction between a tire's torsional dynamic properties and antilock braking system (ABS) during a hard braking event. Previous work has shown the importance of the coupled dynamics of the tire's belt, sidewall, and wheel/hub assembly on braking performance for a wheel acceleration-based ABS controller. This work presents findings based on a proprietary slip-based ABS controller. A comprehensive system model including tire torsional dynamics, dynamics of the tread–ground friction (LuGre friction model), and dominant brake system hydraulic dynamics was developed for simulation studies on this slip-based controller. Results from key sensitivity studies of tire torsional parameters are presented along with experimental results obtained on a quarter car braking test rig. In this work, it was found that within a reasonable tire design space (with respect to tire torsional properties), the ABS algorithm tested was extremely robust to changing these parameters. The main conclusion of this result is that when a consumer replaces his or her tires with different (than original equipment) tires, there should be little effect on braking performance.

Anti-Lock Wheel Slip Control With an Adaptive Searching Algorithm for the Optimal Slip

An adaptive searching algorithm for the optimal slip during ABS wheel slip control is proposed. By taking advantage of the fluctuation of wheel slip control, the direction towards the optimal slip can be found, and the target slip calculated by the algorithm asymptotically converged to the optimal slip, which is proved using the Lyapunov theory. A gain-scheduling wheel slip controller is developed to control the wheel slip to the target slip. Simulations on the uniform road and on the road with changed friction are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Simulation results show that the ABS algorithm using the proposed searching algorithm can make full use of the road friction and adapts to road friction changes. Comparing with the conventional rule-based ABS, the pressure modulation amplitude and wheel speed fluctuation is significantly reduced, improving control performance of ABS.

An Access Control Method Based on CP-ABE and ABS Algorithm in Cloud Storage

In view of the current popular cloud storage access control, some security problems were still existed. To solve the problem which the cloud service provider can’t verify the user write permissions by the CP-ABE based cloud storage access control, in this paper a cloud storage access control method is proposed which is based on the encryption algorithm of the cipher-text (CP-ABE) and the attribute-based signature (ABS). This method not only achieves the cloud storage environment information privacy and integrity, but also supports inheritance authorization and scalability.

Tracking Target Identification Model Based on Multiple Algorithms

In view of current situation of bad data synchronization, image blurring and tracking station stability in tracking target identification, a kind of tracking target identification model based on multiple algorithms was put forward, firstly establishing the image degradation model, using the wavelet algorithm for image preprocessing, doing image edge segmentation by using Robert algorithm after pretreatment, then using the maximum variance threshold method for image threshold segmentation, then extracting target features from the segmented image, and finally using the ABS algorithm to finish target tracking. Experiments proved the proposed model practical and effective.

Images Rapid Recognition of Potatoes under Soil Background

A new method for quick identification of images of mature potatoes under the soil background is reported in this thesis. Firstly, the segmentation problem in multidimensional space is transformed into one dimensional space by transforming the color image to gray image. Then, the optimum threshold is obtained on the base of the Otsu threshold segmental method. Lastly, the image is identified by the improved algorithm, which is based on the ABS algorithm. The merits of this algorithm are that it is simple with highly efficient identification. Experimental results show that the method can avoid interference of clods completely and identify potatoes from the soil background effectively.