A novel theory of life and its implications on viruses and robots

A novel theory of life is proposed and its implications on the viruses and the future robots are discussed. The universal laws of physics are inferred phenomena that originate from the observed regularity in the physical realm. An apparent distinct feature of living beings compared to the nonliving ones is the presence of a higher level of regularity, which is indicative of a supplemental set of governing laws within the sphere of life. In this article a living or animate being is defined concisely as a natural entity whose internal changes and external behavior cannot be predicted by the universal laws and forces of physics alone at all times. Everything else is nonliving or inanimate. Likewise, life is defined as a supplemental set of laws and influences that act over a confined space which constitutes the domain of life, superimposed on the universal laws and forces of physics. Also, life is shown to be a field phenomenon like a quantum field, except that life pervades a bounded region rather than the entire spacetime. It is argued that life is an agency with causal power rather than an ordinary emergent property, and that a virus qualifies as a living being. The proposed field theory of life predicts that the future robots are unlikely to acquire life, and that the notion of highly intelligent future robots posing an existential threat to humanity is, in all likelihood, an illusion.

Solution of Exterior Quasilinear Problems Using Elliptical Arc Artificial Boundary

In this paper, the method of artificial boundary conditions for exterior quasilinear problems in concave angle domains is investigated. Based on the Kirchhoff transformation, the exact quasiliner elliptical arc artificial boundary condition is derived. Using the approximate elliptical arc artificial boundary condition, the finite element method is formulated in a bounded region. The error estimates are obtained. The effectiveness of our method is showed by some numerical experiments.

Structural stability for the Forchheimer equations interfacing with a Darcy fluid in a bounded region in $\mathbb{R}^{3}$

The structural stability for the Forchheimer fluid interfacing with a Darcy fluid in a bounded region in $\mathbb{R}^{3}$ R 3 was studied. We assumed that the nonlinear fluid was governed by the Forchheimer equations in $\Omega _{1}$ Ω 1 , while in $\Omega _{2}$ Ω 2 , we supposed that the flow satisfies the Darcy equations. With the aid of some useful a priori bounds, we were able to demonstrate the continuous dependence results for the Forchheimer coefficient λ.

Extracting a Bounded Region from a Map Using Flood Fill Algorithm

Extracting the needed portion from a bounded region is an important task in image processing. Editing a map and extracting a region from the map is challenging. It is useful in some contexts to have a region in a separate sheet. In this image processing, we have used the Flood Fill algorithm to extract a region from the image map. To achieve that goal, we had worked in our study to separate a bounded region on a map. Usually, a scanned map may contain a lot of useless information. So we have to process the image to remove useless information from the map. We had quantized the image to a binary one. In the second phase, we have applied a gray color to separate the desired position from a map. Our main objective of the study to extract a bounded region from mapping an image that contains useless information and removes it. We have experimented with several maps and it works successfully.

Self-organization Simulation Applied to Migration across a Peaceful Border

Self-organization using simple dynamic laws has been applied to migration across a common border between two entities, states or countries. The motion of the migrants and their final positions are presented. In the system there were two sets of objects. One set is on a side of the boundary. One side, the right side, is considered to be the better entity. That is it has a good government and the economy is strong. On the left side the entity is decidedly different with respect to the governance and the economy. Each side's objects are further divided into two groups. The two groups are referred to as strong and weak. The strong represent the governance, rich or elite and weak refers to the general population. Initially the objects are randomly distributed in this two dimensional square bounded region, and then allowed to dynamically interact for a number of iterations. The forces among all of the particles as groups can be defined to be attractive or repulsive and can be adjusted to study the resulting configuration from the dynamics. Four experiments were conducted to see how self-organization applies for these scenarios. In Experiment 1 the migration takes place with only the object-to-object forces active. In Experiment 2 the concept of employment was introduced. An unemployed object was allowed to move faster than an employed object thus giving the unemployed greater mobility. The employment rate on right side is considerably higher than on the left side. Experiment 3 explores changing one of the forces from repelling to attract. Experiment 3 is the same as Experiment 2 except for this and it went for twice as many iterations. Experiment 4 created employment centers on the right side. These centers provided jobs to left side migrants that came close enough to a center. If the left side object got a center job then that migrant did not move for the remainder of the simulation. In Experiments 1 and 2 there was no incentive for a migrant to remain so the migrant traveled back and forth across the border. In Experiment 4 it was assumed that the job provided incentive for the migrant to remain at a fixed location. Thus clusters of migrants formed around the job centers.

Shape-centered representations of bounded regions of space mediate the transformation of retinotopic representations into conscious perception of objects

The primary visual cortex represents the retinotopic orientation of visual primitives (edges, blobs, bars), but our conscious perception is of orientated objects (e.g., dogs, forks) in the environment. How this transformation operates remains unknown. We report here the study of a young woman presenting with an extraordinarily clear and informative visual disorder that affects highly specific aspects of object perception allowing precise inferences about the type and properties of visual representations that mediate this transformation. Davida perceives sharp-edged 2D bounded regions of space of medium to high contrast as if they were plane-rotated by 90, 180 or 270 degrees around their center, mirrored across their own axes, or both. In contrast, her perception of strongly blurred or very low contrast shapes, and of compound shapes emerging from a collection of bounded elements, is intact. The nature of her errors implies that visual perception is mediated by a representation of each bounded region of space in a shape-centered coordinate system aligned on either the shape’s most elongated part or on the shape’s axis of symmetry and centered either at the midpoint of the shape’s most elongated part or at the shape’s centroid. The selectivity of her disorder to sharp-edged medium to high-contrast stimuli additionally suggests that duplicate shape-centered representations are computed in parallel from information derived from the parvocellular and magnocellular subcortical channels and integrated precisely at the level at which shape representations must be mapped onto a behaviorally relevant frame of reference.

Modified partially averaged Navier–Stokes model for turbulent flow in passages with large curvature

This study presents a partially averaged Navier–Stokes model, MSST PANS, based on a modified SST [Formula: see text] turbulence model to predict turbulent flows with large streamline curvature. The model was validated for turbulent flow in a [Formula: see text] curved rectangular duct (Re = 224,000) to assess the MSST PANS capabilities. The predictions are compared against flow simulations for the same curved rectangular duct using four turbulence models including the standard [Formula: see text] model, SST [Formula: see text] model, [Formula: see text] PANS model and SST [Formula: see text] PANS model. Comparisons among those numerical results and available experimental data show that the MSST PANS model more accurately predicts the velocity components in all three directions, especially in the wall-bounded region than the other models. The study also shows the advantages of the MSST PANS model for predicting the Reynolds stresses, vorticity, and smaller scale turbulent structures in the wall-bounded region not only qualitatively but quantitatively. Furthermore, the MSST PANS model requires fewer computations than the SST PANS model, indicating that this turbulence model, which takes large streamlines curvature effects into consideration, is an effective alternative for capturing the small-scale turbulence flow structures. This turbulence model is expected to be very useful for engineering applications, especially for flows in turbomachinery.