DEMINERALIZATION OF TOOTH ENAMEL SURFACE AT DIFFERENT IMMERSION TIMES OF SPORT DRINK AND BUFFERING EFFECT OF CASEIN DERIVATIVE AGAINST ENAMEL EROSION

Introduction: Sports drinks are becoming increasingly popular as well as being encouraged with regular exercise. These drinks are less than normal pH and found to be acidic.These acidic bevarages are thought to increase potential for dental erosion.Casein Phosphopeptide - Amorphous Calcium Phosphate CPP-ACP complex helps to release Calcium, Phosphate ions to form apatite crystals. In acidic conditions, these calcium, phosphate ions are released from crystal complex and facilitate to reduce the extent of demineralization. This concept forms the basis for the study. Objective: To estimate the pH values of Sport drink(Redbull) before and after immersion time. To estimate the loss of mineral content of the tooth exposed to sports drink with and without CPP-ACP. Material & Methods: Extracted premolar teeth of human dentition free of dental caries and hypocalcification were selected. Teeth were sectioned to obtain 3 enamel sections from each tooth to obtain 15 sections. Specimens were immersed in Sports drink(Redbull) Procedure (A) ,Sportsdrink (Redbull) +CPP-ACP Procedure (B) and Control Procedure (C) for 48 hours,24 hours,12 hours,6 hours,3 hours. pH Values before and after procedure were recorded and analysed. After completion of immersion time, Tooth specimens were sectioned using Hard tissue Microtome viewed for extent of demineralization under Polarized light microscope. Results: Specimens subjected to Sports drink(A),showed wider areas of enamel demineralization. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) between the groups shows that F value is 4.977,df=2, at 5% level of significance. Sportsdrink+ CPP-ACP (B)(193+ 14) showed decreased amount of demineralisation when compared to Sportsdrink (A)(264+19). Conclusion: CPP-ACP has the ability to reduce demineralization caused by sports drinks. It facilitates Protective action of Loss of mineral content of teeth caused by Sports drink erosion.

Efek minuman berbasis alkali terhadap kadar laktat darah dan denyut nadi istirahat setelah aktivitas fisik intensitas tinggi pada pemain sepak bola

Pemain sepak bola harus memiliki daya tahan yang tinggi untuk aktif menendang, melompat, berpindah tempat, sprint dan berlari dengan jarak tempuh hingga 8-10 km agar tidak cepat mengalami kelelahan. Sport drink marak dikonsumsi untuk meningkatkan daya tahan fisik tanpa mengetahui pengaruhnya terhadap tubuh. Penelitian ini menguji pengaruh minuman alkali (pH-9) terhadap kadar laktat darah dan denyut nadi istirahat setelah aktivitas fisik intensitas tinggi. Desain penelitian menggunakan pretest and posttest design dengan kelompok kontrol sebanyak 40 atlet sepak bola dengan jenis kelamin laki-laki. Sebanyak 1800 ml minuman alkali diberikan sebanyak 3 seri (600 ml 4 jam sebelum, selama, dan setelah) dan melakukan tes kebugaran dengan yo-yo intermittent recovery test level-1. Kadar laktat dan denyut nadi diperiksa pada sesaat, menit ke-1, ke-3, dan ke-5. Uji prasyarat menggunakan Shapiro-wilk, sedangkan analisa bivariate menggunakan paired sample T-test dan independent sample T-test. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa minuman alkali (pH-9) berpengaruh dalam memperlambat pembentukan asam laktat (p=0,001), mempercepat proses pemulihan denyut nadi istirahat menit ke-1 (p=0,003), namun tidak meningkatkan kemampuan VO2max (p=0,001). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa mengkonsumsi minuman alkali pH-9 dapat menghambat kelelahan fisik, memulihkan kelelahan lebih cepat, dan tidak meningkatkan daya tahan jantung pada latihan interval anaerob intensitas tinggi pada pemain sepak bola.

Effect of a 25 ingredient sport drink on exercise performance and muscle oxygen extraction: a randomized controlled cross-over trial

Many sport drinks contain a mixture of potential ergogenic substances. Recently, a new sport drink with 25 different ingredients was introduced to the market. Various athletes reported beneficial performance effects from the supplement, though without scientific evidence. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the sport drink on exercise performance. Nine sport students performed 3 test sessions including a cycle exercise tests to exhaustion, a leg strength test and a jump test. Each session was separated by 1 week. The first session was performed as a familiarization trial. In a random order, half of the participants performed the second session after consumption of the multi ingredient sport drink (MISD intake of 40g, 24 and 1h before each test) and half after placebo ingestion (same amount). During test session 3 the conditions were reversed (cross-over setting). Near infrared spectroscopy analyses were performed on the vastus lateralis during the MISD and placebo cycling test. The sport drink compared to placebo, improved maximal power output (7 watts, 95% CI 1.1-13.4), increased maximal lactate concentration (2.5 mmol/l, 95% CI 1.6-3.4), and power output at the individual threshold (Dmax) (6.1 watts, 95% CI 1.9-10.3). Power output at the 4 mmol/l threshold was reduced (9.0 watts, 95% CI -17.4 to -0.6) during the MISD trial. Additionally, the sport drink led to a steeper tissue oxygenation index decrease (TOI, slope: -0.0182±0.0084 vs. -0.0256±0.0073, p<0.005) during the test. Leg strength and jump ability was not affected by the supplement. The sport drink slightly increased power output during an incremental exercise test. Due to the broad range of substances in the supplement and their different effects, the factors involved in the performance enhancement are speculative. Data show that factors other than muscle oxygen extraction (represented by TOI) are involved in the improved maximal power output.

Does Sport-Drink Use During Exercise Promote an Acute Positive Energy Balance?

Sports drinks have been implicated in contributing to obesity and chronic diseases by providing surplus calories and excess sugars. Using existing literature we compared energy intake from sports drinks consumed during exercise with the exercise-induced calorie expenditure to determine whether sports drink use might eliminate the energy deficit and jeopardize conditions for improved metabolic fitness. We identified 11 published studies that compared sport drink consumption to placebo during exercise with a primary focused on the effect of sport drinks or total carbohydrate content on enhancing physical performance. Energy expenditure (EE) was calculated using VO2, RER, and exercise duration for the exercise protocol. Energy ingestion (EI) was determined using the carbohydrate dosing regimen administered before and during the exercise protocol. A two-tailed t test was used to test whether the energy balance (EI-EE) was different from zero (alpha level = 0.05). Sport drink consumption during aerobic exercise of sufficient duration (≥ 60 min) did not abolish the energy deficit (p < .001). Mean ± SD were EE, 1600 ± 639 Cal; EI, 394 ± 289 Cal; and EI-EE,-1206+594 Cal; VO2, 3.05 ± 0.55 L/min; RER, 0.91 ± 0.04; exercise duration 110 ± 42 min. Ingesting sports drinks to enhance performance did not abolish the caloric deficit of aerobic exercise. Sports drinks can be used in accordance with research protocols that typically provide 30–60 g of carbohydrate per hour when exercising at adequate durations for moderate to high intensity and still maintain a substantive caloric deficit.

Drinking Outcome Expectancies and Normative Perceptions of Students Engaged in University Sport in England

This study examined whether students engaged in university sport have different drinking outcome expectancies and normative beliefs than students who are not engaged in university sport. A cross-sectional survey of university students in England in 2008–2009 was undertaken. A questionnaire battery, including the Drinking Expectancies Questionnaire (DEQ) and a measure of normative beliefs, was completed by 770 students from seven universities across England. Responses from 638 students who were not abstaining from alcohol were analyzed. Students engaged in university sport have significantly higher drinking expectancies of assertion compared with students not engaged in university sport. Moreover, students engaged in university sport consistently report higher personal alcohol consumption and higher perceptions of consumption in those around them than students not engaged in university sport. Both assertion and the perception that students around them drink heavily provide only a partial explanation for why students engaged in university sport drink more than those not engaged in university sport. Further research is required to identify the reasons for heavy drinking among students involved in university sport in England.