Лексичний регулятив дім в епістолярних текстах Лесі Українки й посланнях Андрея Шептицького

The Lexical Regulative dim ‘home’ in Epistolary Texts by Lesia Ukraїnka and in Andreĭ Sheptytsʹkyĭ’s Pastoral LettersThis article is devoted to the features of actualisation of one of the most frequent lexical regulatives, which has a distinct archetypal character in the lan­guage paradigm of different nations and which is one of the most frequently used concepts in the functional-style system of the Ukrainian language – HOME. The study considers the actualisation of this concept in Ukrainian on the basis of lexicographic sources. It also identifies the main strands of research on the con­cept HOME which reveal the typological features of its explication in different languages: (1) home as an element of individual style in artistic texts; (2) home as a word stimulus in associative experiments conducted among the youth. The article is the first study investigating the common and distinctive features of the functioning of the lexical regulative dim ‘home’ in texts created by two well-known authors: Lesia Ukraїnka (epistolary texts) and Andreĭ Sheptytsʹkyĭ (pastoral letters). The analysis considers key lexemes which verbalise the concept HOME, identifies its core and peripheral nominations, and examines the func­tional specifics of the contexts of the occurrence of the lexemes dim/doma.Regulatyw leksykalny dom w tekstach epistolarnych Łesi Ukrainki oraz listach pasterskich Andrzeja SzeptyckiegoW artykule zbadano specyfikę leksykalną jednego z najczęstszych regulaty­wów, mających wyraźny archetypowy charakter w różnych językach i należący do najczęściej używanych konceptów w systemie funkcyjno-stylowym języka ukraińskiego – DOM. Rozpatrzono reprezentację tego konceptu w języku ukraińskim na materiale źródeł leksykograficznych; wskazano dwa główne kierunki dotychczasowych badań konceptu DOM ujawniające typologiczne cechy jego eksplikacji w językach narodowych: 1) jako elementu indywidualnego stylu w tekstach artystycznych; 2) jako słowa-klucze w eksperymentach asocjacyjnych wśród młodzieży. Po raz pierwszy przeanalizowano cechy wspólne i cechy odmienne funkcjonowania regulatywu leksykalnego dom w mowie dwóch znanych indywidualności językowych – Łesi Ukrainki (teksty epistolarne) i Andrzeja Szeptyckiego (listy pasterskie); określono podstawowe leksemy, które werbalizują koncept DOM, wyodrębniono nazwy jądrowe i peryferyjne; ustalono specyfikę funkcyjną kontekstów występowania leksemów dim/doma.

The Image of a Doctor in the Linguistic Consciousness of Native Speakers оf Russian and Chinese

The study of the content of the ordinary linguistic consciousness of a native speaker / culture bearer involves considering the meaning of a word as a socio-cultural phenomenon as knowledge whose content is determined by the characteristics of culture in its current state. The most interesting data can be obtained by cross-cultural comparison based on experimental material. The article examines the knowledge associated with the word-stimulus DOCTOR in the linguistic consciousness of native speakers of Chinese and Russian. The comparison is carried out on the basis of the materials of free associative experiment with 823 native Chinese speakers, students from more than 160 universities in China. Russian material for comparison is taken from the Russian Regional Associative Dictionary [Ufimceva, Cherkasova 2018]. The method of semantic gestalt by Yu. N. Karaulov is used as a tool to analyze the associative field. The obtained data have undergone statistical analysis, the content and structure of the associative gestalt stimulus word DOCTOR have been described, as well as ethnocultural features of the ideas about the profession of doctor among the Chinese and Russians have been revealed.

Towards a Typology of Lexical Semantic Derivation Models: Linguistic and Psycholinguistic Aspects

Objective. The paper focuses on lexical semantic derivation models and the ways they are explicated in experiential vocabulary. The study substantiates linguistic and psycholinguistic features of the models in the contrastive aspect (based on the Ukrainian and Polish languages). Materials and Methods. The material for the analysis is the Ukrainian and Polish adjectives-stimuli that represent the concepts of experiential situation. The psycholinguistic validity of the models is verified based on the results of associative experiments. The results are supposed to help establish types of associations that underlie the experiential vocabulary extensions. Results. The study appeals to the conceptions that uphold the idea of a dynamic conceptualization of the world of discourse (of a certain situation or its fragment). On that ground, the lexical semantic derivation models are considered as theoretical constructs that represent information on derivational strategies in Ukrainian and Polish. Such an approach has allowed not only to reveal cognitive mechanisms that underlie lexical (experiential) items’ semantic extensions but also to systematize the semantic shifts that occur in the contrasted languages. The extensions are considered within four lexical semantic derivation models: componential (the level of semantic components and their configurations), actantial (the level of predicate-actant structures), topological (the level of image-schema transformations) and constructional (the level of lexical constructions). Conclusions. The results show the relevance of both linguistic and psycholinguistic modelling in analysis of lexical semantic derivation. The choice of a semantic derivation strategy correlates with an informant’s response to a word-stimulus. The similarities and differences in semantic shifts are determined by constraints that set limits on the target situation extensions.

THE CONCEPT OF "FAITH" IN YOUNG PEOPLE’S CONSCIOUSNESS: THE PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

The article analyses psychologically-linguistically the verbal representations of the concept of “faith”. A free associative experiment was used in the research to identify the meaning of the examined concept in native speakers’ cognitive consciousness. The respondents received ten words-stimuli related to religious discourse. In this article, we analyze associations evoked by “faith” word. The research sample included 246 students with average age of 18.6 years from Lesia Ukrainka Eastern European National University, students studied biology, psychology and publishing business. During the associative experiment revealing verbal representation of the concept of “faith”, we obtained only 286 reactions that included 131 different associations. The most frequent associative reactions to “faith” were: “hope”, “God”, “in God”, “love” and “prayer”. The processing of the obtained associations for “faith” was carried out according to the grammatical criterion, which allowed us to reveal the predominance of paradigmatic reactions to the word-stimulus. As for the logical criterion, central reactions were most often among associations obtained for “prayer”. The associations obtained for “faith’ were analyzed according to thematic criteria, which allowed us to distinguish ten different thematic categories: religion, God, hope, emotions and feelings, strength, society, convictions, soul, beliefs, name. The most numerous thematic groups were responses connecting “faith” with religion, God and hope. The thematic groups of “soul”, “beliefs” and “name” were the least numerous among the obtained associations. The vast thematic diversity can indicate students’ unawareness about the concept of “faith”. Cluster analysis revealed that the verbalized concept of “faith” is represented by two semantic groups of associations: “hope” and “God - emotions and feelings”. Thus, young people view faith not only through the prism of the divine (religion, spirituality) and its peripheral components (prayer, confession), but also try to understand faith as hope and support. We see the prospects for further research in further psycholinguistic analysis of religious discourse, namely the functioning and use of religious concepts in mass-media.

Bilingual Consciousness and its Peculiarities

To describe bilingualism, the author employs the approach developed within the Moscow Psycholinguistic School, i.e. the researcher investigates the language consciousness contents (picture of the world) of a bilingual in the first and second languages, with the free associative experiment acting as a tool to access the picture. The associative field of each word-stimulus is regarded a semantic gestalt, where one can define semantic zones, filled differently due to the language the bilingual uses during the experiment. The investigator assumes the picture of the world of any native language speaker or culture bearer is systematized, the systematicity differs from culture to culture, as well as the knowledge systems associated with the equivalent words.

Psycholinguistic Meaning of the Concept of “Faith”

The article presents the results of a free associative experiment aimed at studying the verbalized concept of “faith” in the ordinary linguistic consciousness. The sample consisted of 487 people, speakers both of Russian and Ukrainian languages (15-67 years old) in an equal ratio of male and female. The article provides an analysis of the frequencies of the first reaction to the word-stimulus “faith” and the five reactions together, and the results of the clustering of high-frequency associations. The psycholinguistic meaning of the concept of faith was considered by us as an ordered unity of all the semantic components of the lexeme “faith”, which are really connected with this sound form in the consciousness of the speakers of the Russian and Ukrainian languages. The study showed that the concept of “faith” is expressed in the nuclear psycholinguistic meaning “hope”. The results of the experiment suggest that the associative field of the concept “faith” is represented by theological (religious) and moral semes, reflected in the peripheral psycholinguistic meanings – “love”, “religion”, “God”, “church” and many other meanings of the extreme periphery. It was shown that faith represents the “female name”, which acts as a detotat of females, which also explains the high frequency of personalized reactions. The etymological analysis of the lexeme “faith” allowed us to correlate the primary meanings of this concept with its meanings in the content of the modern ordinary consciousness and to conclude that some of the original meanings of faith remained (“trust”, “confidence”, “oath”, “verity”, “religion”, “deity”), and some of the meanings have been lost. In general, our results are confirmed in the works of both foreign and domestic scientists devoted to the analysis and description of the concept of “faith”, which is characterized by several semantic levels, ambivalence, high-frequency associates of theological and moral semantics, the presence of metaphorical and emotive values.

ЗНАЧЕНИЯ ГОРОДА В ЯЗЫКОМ СОЗНАНИИ ЖИТЕЛЕЙ (СЕМАНТИЧЕСКАЯ ИНТЕРПРЕТАЦИЯ РЕЗУЛЬТАТОВ ПСИХОЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКОГО ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТА СО СЛОВОМ «ОДЕССА»)

The Aim of the study is to determine the psycholinguistic meaning of the concept of Odesa in the linguistic consciousness of its inhabitants. Research Methods and Sample. The study used a free associative experiment. The subjects were to write five associations on the word "Odesa". A total of 117 respondents, aged 16-57, who live in Odesa, participated in the study. Results. By applying the frequency analysis of associates to the word-stimulus Odessa, the most widespread associations have been analyzed, which reveal the psycholinguistic meaning of the concept "Odessa". Ranks of the most frequent reactions on the whole set of associations and on the first reaction are determined. Semantic groups of associates are analyzed. A meaningful and quantitative analysis of the associates of the resulting semantic groups makes it possible to identify Odesa in the linguistic consciousness of its inhabitants as a maritime tourist city that has a glorious history, beautiful architecture and is a symbol of humor. The comparative analysis of the concept "Odesa" with the concepts "Moscow" and "Kiev" is carried out. Conclusions. From the results of the semantic interpretation of the concept of "Odesa" it follows that this city is associated with the sea, beautiful architectural and glorious history, which is equated with humor and fun. In the associative field of this concept, the largest group of associates was those describing its relationship with nature and the sea. A significant group of peripheral and single reactions consisted of tokens related to the associative field of architectural and historical topics. Unlike metropolitan cities, Odesa has no signs of a metropolis and infrastructure center in the linguistic picture of the world of its citizens.

Estimating Similarity of Words in the Language Consciousness of Speakers of Different Variants of French (France, Belgium, Canada, Switzerland)

This article considers a method that helps to evaluate the level of similarity of a word in the language consciousness of the French language speakers from four different francophone regions (France, Belgium, Switzerland, Canada). To illustrate the approach the word vie (life) has been chosen as it belongs to the nucleus of the language consciousness of French speakers, according to the results of the associative experiment that was made in 2008 and 2009 via Internet with the aid of google-questionnaires. To assess similarity in understanding the word vie (life) by French speakers from the chosen regions we use the semantic closeness index finding formula proposed by D. Yu. Prosovetsky. Originally the formula was applied to the calculation of the semantic closeness of two different words. In this research the formula has been adapted to the analysis of one word-stimulus presented in the associative fields of the regions considered. To apply this formula one needs first to count the number of similar words that appear in associative fields of the chosen word pairwise. Six pairs are addressed (France-Belgium, France-Canada, France-Switzerland, BelgiumCanada, Belgium-Switzerland, Canada-Switzerland). After that, the doubled number of similar words in one pair of countries is divided by the sum of the total number of reactions of the two given fields. The calculations conducted in this article pairwise for the word vie (life) present the following numbers of the index of semantic closeness: pairs Belgium-Switzerland, Switzerland-Canada, France-Switzerland 0,09 each; the highest index belongs to the pairs of France-Canada and Belgium-Canada 0,12 each; the pair France-Belgium occupies the intermediary position with the result of 0,1. The calculations illustrate that the associative fields of the word vie in the four considered regions (France, Belgium, Switzerland, Canada) include similar elements, however, the exact agreement is not observed.

NAIVE SEMANTIZATION AND LEXICOGRAPHY OF MONGOLIAN BIONYMS: THE CASE OF "HARE" BIONYM

The article is devoted to the study of the theory of naive linguistics and the principles of its research. The material of the research is the results of psycholinguistic experiment. The results show ordinary representations of native speakers of Mongolian language. The words denoting flora and fauna (bionyms) were used as the stimuli for the experiment. The responses in the experiment have revealed a specific character of word functioning in the language consciousness of Mongolian native speakers. To describe a naive view on a word meaning, the respondents used associations in the form of spontaneous definitions and citations that include the word stimulus as well as comparisons it inspired. The research has made it possible to reconstruct a fragment of the ethnical language world view as a component of the language consciousness of Mongolian native speakers. In the conclusion the author gives a description of these bionyms, compiled on the basis of lexicographic processing of reactions and within the framework of the naive linguistics theory.