Hak Sipil dan Politik Kaum Marginal: Upaya dan Perjuangan Kelompok Transpuan di Kota Pangkalpinang

The purpose of this study is to describe how the Civil and Political Rights of the Transpuan group in Pangkalpinang City fulfill the Civil and Political Rights and to describe the efforts made by the group in fighting for civil and political rights as citizens. The primary data sources used were observations and in-depth interviews with Transpuan in Pangkalpinang City regarding the class struggle of the Transpuan group in Pangkalpinang City as marginal groups. At the same time, the secondary data are books, journals, theses from previous research, and internet sources relevant and related to the research focus. The research subjects who will be informants are Transpuan in Pangkalpinang City, Transpuan from Pangkalpinang City and its surroundings, and Transpuan from outside the Bangka Belitung Islands Province. The results of this study state that the fulfillment of the civil rights of Transpuan in Pangkalpinang City by the government has not been fully implemented.

Structural consequences of cyclical change for marginal group employment

In Sweden and many other countries, young people and immigrants are facing increasing difficulties in finding employment. We suggest that the decline in employment prospects for marginal groups to a significant extent can be explained by skill upgrading and over-education. In two recent papers focusing on youth and immigrants, respectively, we find support for these hypotheses. The present paper examines how the long-term evolution of youth male employment is linked to cyclical economic change, and in particular to recessions. We base our empirical analyses on data from 31 OECD countries, 1970 to 2018. A basic hypothesis we aim to test is whether the distribution of cyclical points around the line of long-run evolution of general employment has a vertically asymmetrical pattern with respect to marginal employment, such that the relative employment rate of marginal groups declines more in economic downturns (recessions) than it rises in economic upturns. If this asymmetry occurs systematically (repeatedly) over extended periods of time, cyclical change will have structural effects. We find support for this hypothesis based on our analysis of youth male employment. We suggest that two kinds of mechanism are at work in the interaction between cyclical and structural change. The first mechanism is operating from the structure to the cycle: low-skill jobs become increasingly unviable economically, but only slowly and gradually until a marked loss in general demand triggers significant employment decline tilted toward low-skill jobs. Restructuring of work organizations in the wake of the recession makes the return of low-skill jobs in the recovery less than complete. The second kind of mechanism operates in the other direction, i.e., from the cycle to the structure: the rate of educational expansion typically accelerates in recessions. This will in turn speed up the rate of over-education which tends to have a negative impact on marginal employment. We provide descriptive empirical evidence indicating that both these mechanisms are indeed active. In sum, recessions accelerate upward shifts in the skill structure that in turn depress the labor market prospects of male youth, with both links in the chain being of a lasting rather than temporary kind.

Pembekalan Keterampilan Membatik oleh Batik “Seng” bagi Kelompok Marginal Desa Sengguruh Kabupaten Malang

National economic development can be realized, one of which is economic independence by encouraging the number of entrepreneurs, increasing business activities in the form of businesses and businesses on a small, medium or large scale. One of the potentials to become independent entrepreneurs is young people who of course must first have the provision of education. The reality is that there are still school-age teenagers who do not have the opportunity to get the right to education due to several things, one of which is economic limitations that prevent them from continuing their education. The consequences that arise from situations that are not good, namely teenagers who cannot continue their schooling will cause a new problem for both the child himself and his environment. The form of community service activities carried out is holding written batik training activities targeting marginal groups in Sengguruh Village, Malang Regency with a total of 30 participants. The purpose of this activity is to provide training participants with the opportunity to develop themselves and get alternative business ideas. The results obtained from this activity are an increase in insight and skills in making batik, increasing motivation for training participants to develop themselves, participants getting alternative business ideas that can be chosen as professions that have the potential to generate income and obtain business network information

Trickle Down Development? The Expansion of Asparagus Exports and Water Availability for Urban Marginal Groups in Ica, Peru

<p>This thesis explores the neoliberal approach to development and its influence on resource management in Latin America using a case study of Peru. Peru’s neoliberal reforms, beginning in 1990s, were successful in fostering macro-economic growth and helping the country reverse its dismal economic performance of the 1970s and 1980s. Promoted by neoliberal policies natural resource export booms, including in the non-traditional agricultural export (NTAX) sector, have contributed to Peru’s economic success. However, this overall economic growth has exacerbated the pre-existing inequalities of Peru. By applying an analysis inspired by structuralist and dependency theories, this thesis critically examines Peru’s NTAX expansion to understand why ‘underdevelopment’ and the country’s position as a ‘resource periphery’ has continued to take place. This study focuses on the rapid expansion of fresh asparagus exports in the Ica Valley following the 1990 reforms. Fresh asparagus production in the Ica Valley represents the flagship of Peru’s NTAX boom, with the industry generating economic growth and eradicating the area’s previously high unemployment. However, the industry has also concentrated water access and worsened water non-availability and inequalities in the valley. These problems are disproportionately affecting Ica’s marginalised population, yet limited work has documented how marginal urban groups are being impacted. This research therefore investigates how the asparagus export boom has affected Ica’s marginal urban groups and their access to water. In doing so, it critically studies the withdrawal of the state from development planning and resource management. Additionally, this research seeks to connect the rural and urban spheres, which are commonly and problematically separated in development study, through a contemporary example of the resource curse argument.</p>

Trickle Down Development? The Expansion of Asparagus Exports and Water Availability for Urban Marginal Groups in Ica, Peru

<p>This thesis explores the neoliberal approach to development and its influence on resource management in Latin America using a case study of Peru. Peru’s neoliberal reforms, beginning in 1990s, were successful in fostering macro-economic growth and helping the country reverse its dismal economic performance of the 1970s and 1980s. Promoted by neoliberal policies natural resource export booms, including in the non-traditional agricultural export (NTAX) sector, have contributed to Peru’s economic success. However, this overall economic growth has exacerbated the pre-existing inequalities of Peru. By applying an analysis inspired by structuralist and dependency theories, this thesis critically examines Peru’s NTAX expansion to understand why ‘underdevelopment’ and the country’s position as a ‘resource periphery’ has continued to take place. This study focuses on the rapid expansion of fresh asparagus exports in the Ica Valley following the 1990 reforms. Fresh asparagus production in the Ica Valley represents the flagship of Peru’s NTAX boom, with the industry generating economic growth and eradicating the area’s previously high unemployment. However, the industry has also concentrated water access and worsened water non-availability and inequalities in the valley. These problems are disproportionately affecting Ica’s marginalised population, yet limited work has documented how marginal urban groups are being impacted. This research therefore investigates how the asparagus export boom has affected Ica’s marginal urban groups and their access to water. In doing so, it critically studies the withdrawal of the state from development planning and resource management. Additionally, this research seeks to connect the rural and urban spheres, which are commonly and problematically separated in development study, through a contemporary example of the resource curse argument.</p>

Negotiating Conflict: Regional and National Identities in Contemporary Pakistani Fiction in English

Pakistan has frequently been viewed as a stronghold of Islamic radicals, often overlooking the fact that various trends of both dormant and obvious conflicts exist between the politics of religion and region. Whereas the former is mainly controlled by the state, the latter is generally influenced by language and ethnicity. The state’s monolithic notion of national identity, from the country’s birth in 1947 to the present, has overshadowed the regional identities mainly the Pashtuns, Baluchis, and Sindhis, and disregarded the minority credos such as Shias, Parsis, Ahmadis, Hindus, and Christians. The present article aims to explore how contemporary Pakistani fiction in English spotlights images of a fragmented national self, underlining plights of the aforementioned marginal groups and exhibiting strong resistance to hidebound national identity. Reviewing contemporary Pakistani fiction in English with a particular focus on the fiction of Bapsi Sidhwa, Sara Suleri, Kamila Shamsie, Nadeem Aslam, Bina Shah, and Jamil Ahmad, this paper aims to bring critical attention of the scholars to the socio-cultural and political valuation of the regional identities.

One Transgender Community's Experience of the COVID-19 Pandemic

This essay contains an introduction and a translation of an account provided in Indonesian by Rully Mallay, a transgender community leader and activist at the Kebaya Foundation, a shelter for people living with HIV in the province of Yogyakarta. It describes the impact of restrictions imposed to reduce the spread of COVID-19 and mobilization in response to it by those who identify as “waria” between February and September 2020. Waria played a pivotal role in mobilizing a community response in that city, providing support not only to their own community but also to other marginal groups impacted in similar ways. Harsh lockdown measures imposed to respond to COVID-19 disproportionately affected waria, cutting off access to economic and community support. This was particularly acute for the many waria without state-issued identity cards. Nevertheless, Rully expresses her hope that through the skills and adaptability they have demonstrated in their response to the public health emergency, they might achieve recognition and acceptance from Indonesian society.

Victim, broker, activist, fixer: Surviving dispossession in working class Lahore

Recent debates in urban geography and anthropology have urged a rethinking of ‘marginal’ groups, viewing them not only as intimately connected to the state and its power, but also as offering a lens into alternate modes of dwelling, endurance and political change. We reflect upon the conceptual possibilities of such forms of endurance by examining how those residing in urban margins utilise, enable and inhabit connections to centres of power when faced with dispossession. Focusing on evictions that took place in Lahore (Pakistan) between 2015 and 2017, to acquire land for the Orange Line Metro Train, we follow the actions and narrations of one interlocutor, as he confronted the loss of his home. Unravelling how survival at the margins depends upon tactility and a continuous shifting between roles and modes of actions, we highlight the unique and particular ways in which evictions are lived and embodied. Including such shifting modes of negotiating in conceptualisations of the ‘political’ in the Global South does indeed offer potentialities, but we urge caution in over-reading into these possibilities. Shape-shifting and movement in embodied roles allows for a certain kind of thriving in precarity but rarely allows inhabitants – as they so aspire – to override it altogether.

Book Review

In Participation Without Democracy, Garry Rodan argues that as a response to the dynamics and contradiction inherent in the capitalist development, the regime—representing the dominant coalition of interest, the ruling/dominant political elites—‘invent’ ways to contain conflicts with societal entities (i.e., opposition parties, civil societies, labor unions) in a way so that such conflicts do not yield politically harmful impacts. This argument is based on two propositions. First, the development of capitalism has caused inequality to deepen. Both the ruling political-economy elites and the marginal groups found this inherent inequality and disruption in capitalism created political challenges, which, as a consequence, demand mitigation strategies. Second, the established coalition of interest's tactics handle political dissents towards the regimes move beyond the binary scenarios, not just merely opening political participation or applying coercion means such as crackdown and arrest. Instead, while the elites design the participation and representation institutions as a response to domesticating dissents and conflicts, the marginal groups also respond to those channels beyond being co-opted or merely refuse to join it. Opposition parties, radical NGOs, marginal groups seek to utilize the institutions for their transformative agenda. In short, both the ruling elites and the marginal groups have been engaged in the participating institutions with different goals in mind.