Kolesterol dan Omega 9 Kuning Telur Ayam Petelur yang Mendapat Udang Mantis (Squilla empusa) Fermentasi dalam Pakan

Cholesterol and omega-9 fatty acid eggs yolks affected by mantis crustacean (squilla empusa) fermentation as a fish meal substitution in the diet of layer.ABSTRACT. The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of Squilla empusa fermentation as fish meal substitute in diet layer on cholesterol and omega-9 fatty acid yolk eggs. This research was conducted by completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatment and 5 replications. The treatments are P0 = 0% fermented Squilla empusa + 15% fish meal; P1 = 5% fermented Squilla empusa + 10% fish meal; P2 = 10% fermented Squilla empusa + 15% fish meal; and P3 = 15% fermented Squilla empusa + 0% fish meal. Cholesterol, Omega-9 fatty acid yolk eggs responding variables measured. The results of this study shows that the yolk cholesterol and omega - 9 was non significant (P0.05). Average of yolk cholesterol (ppm) and omega - 9 (gram) for P0; P1; P2; and P3 were 7.622; 9.200; 9.198; and 9.442; and omega – 9 fatty acid yolk (%) were 18.404; 17.520; 19.230 and 19.456 respectively. Conclusion of this study (i) there are possibility using fermented Squilla empusa until 15% as fish meal substitute in diet of layers, (ii) there are good effect on eggs quality in term of cholesterol and Omega – 9 fatty yolk.

Intraspecific agonistic interactions of squilla empusa (crustacea: stomatopoda)

Mantis shrimp are benthic, predatory marine crustaceans that have complex agonistic interactions. These crustaceans are divided into two functional groups based on the morphology and use of their raptorial appendage: smashers and spearers. Most research on the agonistic behaviours of mantis shrimp has focused on smasher species and on contests between asymmetrical and same-sex individuals. No studies have investigated the intersexual and intrasexual interactions of size-matched spearer individuals. I conducted a laboratory experiment using Squilla empusa, a spearer that lives in the Gulf of Mexico, to determine if agonistic differences exist between males and females. The results suggest that (1) although threat displays are rare in both males and females, male aggressive interactions involving physical contact are common, (2) males engage in more aggressive behaviours and interactions than do females, (3) females are less aggressive toward both males and females than males are toward males and females; interactions involving females are usually passive, non-striking, whereas interactions involving males can result equally in a strike or passive behaviour, (4) males are more aggressive than females, and (5) an increase in the number of treatment individuals resulted in an increase in the number of interactions. The behaviours of Squilla empusa are compared with literature reports concerning other species of mantis shrimp. The differences in habitat, feeding method, vision, and burrow type may explain the differences between smashers and spearer agonistic behaviours.

The retinoids of seven species of mantis shrimp

Eyes of stomatopod crustaceans, or mantis shrimps, contain the greatest diversity of visual pigments yet described in any species, with as many as ten or more spectral classes present in a single retina. In this study, the eyes of seven species of mantis shrimp from three superfamilies of stomatopods were examined for their content of retinoids. Only retinal and retinol were found; neither hydroxyretinoids nor dehydroretinoids were detected. The principal isomers were 11 -cis and all-trans. The eyes of most of these species contain stores of 11 -cis retinol, principally as retinyl esters, and in amounts in excess of retinal. Squilla empusa is particularly noteworthy, with over 5000 pmoles of retinol per eye.

Ocular Tracking of Rapidly Moving Visual Targets by Stomatopod Crustaceans

1. Ocular tracking in two species of stomatopod crustaceans, Squilla empusa (Say) and Gonodactylus oerstedii (Hansen), was studied by presenting animals with small targets moving to their right and left. 2. Squilla empusa showed no indication of ocular movement responses synchronized with the target's motion, whereas Gonodactylus oerstedii often tracked the target through large angular amplitudes. 3. The region of visual fixation in G. oerstedii is probably the ommatidial patches in line with the eyecup axis. This is suggested by the arrangement of ommatidial axes on the eye's circumference, and by the alignment of the eyes and the rotational motions they make as they observe an approaching target. 4. Tracking is irregular, probably because the animal pays attention to the target only intermittently. Targets are most stimulatory as they move nearly in front of an animal. Eye tracking responses become larger, more frequent and more accurate with increasingly anterior target positions. 5. During visual tracking, the eyes perform both smooth and saccadic tracking movements. Eye movements in the size range 7.5°–15° are made to near the position of the target at movement onset, but are less accurate relative to the target's position at the end of the movement. 6. During visual tracking, the two eyes apparently act with complete independence. Movements of one eye are uncorrelated with movements of the other, both for extreme and central locations of the moving target. 7. The existence of ocular independence during smooth pursuit and saccadic tracking in G. oerstedii may be possible because of the redundancy of visual fields existing in each eye, which could permit monocular measurements of distance to a viewed object. If so, each eye is capable of providing a complete description of the location of a target in space.