Labor and Chinese Exclusion in US History

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, white working-class activists and their allies in the United States acted as a political vanguard in efforts to limit the entry, naturalization, and civil rights of Chinese migrants, especially laborers. First in California in the 1850s, and then throughout the North American West and the nation at large, a militant racist-nativist minority of trade unionists and labor reformers assailed Chinese as an economic, cultural, and political threat to white workers, their living standards, and the republic itself. Uniting with Democrats and independent antimonopoly parties, workers and their organizations formed the base of a cross-class anti-Chinese movement that, by the 1880s, eroded Republicans’ support for Chinese labor migrants and won severe legal restrictions against them. Organized labor, especially the American Federation of Labor and its leadership, played a key role, lobbying Congress to refine and extend Chinese exclusion and erect similar barriers against other Asian migrants, including Japanese and Filipinos. Anti-Chinese labor advocates also influenced and coordinated with parallel pro-exclusion movements abroad, leading a global white working-class reaction to the Chinese labor diaspora across parts of Asia, Africa, and the Americas. In many ways, anti-Asian working-class nativism prefigured early-20th-century measures placing unprecedented constraints on white European migration. Yet organized labor barely opposed the demise of anti-Chinese and national-quota restrictions during World War II and the Cold War, as diplomatic demands, economic expansion, and a changing international system weakened domestic political support for exclusion.

Organization of Labor Migration from China to Asian Russia in the Late 19th — Early 20th Centuries (Based on the Materials of the Printed Media)

The article highlights the Chinese labor migration to Asian Russia at the end of the XIX century on the basis of the regional printed media of the considered period. The reader’s attention is focused on the ratio of positive and negative aspects of the impact of labor migrants from China on the development of capitalist production in the region and the labor market formation. As a result, the author comes to the conclusion that the urgency of the «Chinese issue» in the region is related directly to the increase in the number of labor migrants from the Celestial Empire, whose legal and economic situation required early comprehensive actions from the Russian authorities, postponing the implementation of which, the latter only increased the level of confrontation not only between Russian and Chinese workers, but also provoked dissatisfaction against the authorities themselves.

Developing China’s workforce skill taxonomy reveals extent of labor market polarization

China, the world’s second largest economy, is transitioning into an advanced, knowledge-based economy after four decades of rapid economic development. However, China still lacks a detailed understanding of the skills that underly the Chinese labor force, and the development and spatial distribution of these skills. Similar data has proven essential in other contexts; for example, the US standardized skill taxonomy, Occupational Information Network (O*NET), played an important role in understanding the dynamics of manufacturing and knowledge-based work, and the potential risks from automation and outsourcing. Here, we use Machine Learning techniques to bridge this gap, creating China’s first workforce skill taxonomy, and map it to O*NET. This enables us to reveal workforce skill polarization into social-cognitive skills and sensory-physical skills, and to explore China’s regional inequality in light of workforce skills, and compare it to traditional metrics such as education. We build an online tool for the public and policy makers to explore the skill taxonomy: skills.sysu.edu.cn. We also make the taxonomy dataset publicly available for other researchers.

ТРУДОВАЯ МИГРАЦИЯ ИЗ КИТАЯ В УЗБЕКИСТАН

The article examines labor migration from China to Uzbekistan. The reasons, consequences and main problems of attracting labor from China are shown. The current state of economic and trade cooperation between China and Uzbekistan and the changes in the number of Chinese labor migrants in Uzbekistan in recent years are analyzed. And also, a recommendation was given to avoid negative consequences when attracting labor migrants from China.

GEORGIAN MENTALITY IN THE FIELD OF BUSINESS CULTURE

The article examines labor migration from China to Uzbekistan. The reasons, consequences and main problems of attracting labor from China are shown. The current state of economic and trade cooperation between China and Uzbekistan and the changes in the number of Chinese labor migrants in Uzbekistan in recent years are analyzed. And also, a recommendation was given to avoid negative consequences when attracting labor migrants from China.