scholarly journals ELEVATED WATER LEVELS AT TRAINED RIVER ENTRANCES

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (33) ◽  
pp. 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zai Jin You ◽  
Peter Nielsen ◽  
David Hanslow ◽  
Tim Pritchard
Keyword(s):  
East Coast ◽  
Ocean Waves ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Ocean Tides ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
River Flooding ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Water Level Data ◽  
Elevated Water

The south-east coast of Australia has many low-lying areas at river entrances that are vulnerable to coastal inundation due to high water levels elevated by ocean tides, coastal storms, ocean waves and other drivers. The penetration of elevated entrance water levels into rivers can further intensify river flooding associated with high rainfall events. In this study, historical water level data, which were collected continuously at 17 inshore and 5 offshore permanent tide stations along the East Coast of Australia, are used to study effects of tides and waves on water levels at trained river entrances and also to estimate extreme entrance water levels without major entrance rainfall-related flooding.

Predicting macrophyte states in a small temporarily open/closed estuary

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (7) ◽  
pp. 616 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Riddin ◽  
J. B. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Salt Marsh ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Submerged Macrophytes ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Water Level Data ◽  
Present Distribution ◽  
Macrophyte Habitats

Temporarily open/closed estuaries (TOCEs) shift between abiotic states associated with mouth status. The aim of this study was to assess whether macrophyte states could be identified based on the dominant cover abundance of different species representative of specific habitats. A 5-year dataset of monthly macrophyte cover was assessed for the East Kleinemonde Estuary in South Africa. Three macrophyte states were identified: namely open and tidal (predominantly intertidal salt marsh); closed and low water level (predominantly salt marsh); and closed and high water level (with submerged macrophytes). The threshold water level for the change from salt marsh to submerged macrophytes was 1.6 m above mean sea level (amsl). A fourth state where macroalgae were dominant was identified for high salinity conditions (above 30 PSU). It was then possible to examine simulated water level data for different inflow scenarios to determine how often these macrophyte states occurred. Available macrophyte habitat was also calculated for different water levels using a spatial model written in Modelbuilder (ArcGIS 9.3.1). Both methods used to predict available macrophyte habitats are rapid, requiring only information on the elevation range of the main habitats, as well as present distribution and bathymetric maps. These predictive techniques are useful in the determination of the ecological water requirements of small estuaries.

scholarly journals Transfer Entropy as a Tool for Hydrodynamic Model Validation

Entropy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia Sendrowski ◽  
Kazi Sadid ◽  
Ehab Meselhe ◽  
Wayne Wagner ◽  
David Mohrig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Transfer Entropy ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
River Deltas ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Water Level Data ◽  
Wax Lake Delta ◽  
Validation Tool

The validation of numerical models is an important component of modeling to ensure reliability of model outputs under prescribed conditions. In river deltas, robust validation of models is paramount given that models are used to forecast land change and to track water, solid, and solute transport through the deltaic network. We propose using transfer entropy (TE) to validate model results. TE quantifies the information transferred between variables in terms of strength, timescale, and direction. Using water level data collected in the distributary channels and inter-channel islands of Wax Lake Delta, Louisiana, USA, along with modeled water level data generated for the same locations using Delft3D, we assess how well couplings between external drivers (river discharge, tides, wind) and modeled water levels reproduce the observed data couplings. We perform this operation through time using ten-day windows. Modeled and observed couplings compare well; their differences reflect the spatial parameterization of wind and roughness in the model, which prevents the model from capturing high frequency fluctuations of water level. The model captures couplings better in channels than on islands, suggesting that mechanisms of channel-island connectivity are not fully represented in the model. Overall, TE serves as an additional validation tool to quantify the couplings of the system of interest at multiple spatial and temporal scales.

scholarly journals Multi-objective optimization of typhoon inundation forecast models for water-level gauging network by integration of ARMAX with a Genetic Algorithm

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huei-Tau Ouyang
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Time Shift ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Cumulative Rainfall ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Water Level Data ◽  
Forecast Models ◽  
Gauging Station

Abstract. The forecasting of inundation levels during typhoons requires that multiple objectives be taken into account, including the forecasting capacity with regard to variations in water level throughout the entire weather event, the accuracy that can be attained in forecasting peak water levels and the time at which peak water levels are likely to occur. This paper proposed a means of forecasting inundation levels in real-time using monitoring data from a water-level gauging network. ARMAX was used to construct water-level forecast models for each gauging station using input variables including cumulative rainfall and water level data from other gauging stations in the network. Analysis of the correlation between cumulative rainfall and water level data makes it possible to obtain an approximation as to the cumulative duration of rainfall and time lags associated with each gauging station. Analyses on water levels as well as on cumulative rainfall enable the identification of associate sites pertained to each gauging station that share high correlations with regard to water level and low mutual information with regard to cumulative rainfall. Water level data from associate sites is used as a second input variable for the water-level forecast model of the target site. Three indices were considered in the selection of an optimal model: the coefficient of efficiency (CE), error in the stage of peak water level (ESP), and relative time shift (RTS). We used a multi-objective genetic algorithm to derive an optimal Pareto set of models capable of performing well in the three objectives. A case study was conducted on the Xinnan area of Yilan County, Taiwan in which optimal water-level forecast models were established for each of the four water-level gauging stations in the area. Test results demonstrate that the model best able to satisfy PE exhibited significant time shift, whereas the models best able to satisfy CE and RTS provide accurate forecasts of inundations when variations in water level are less extreme.

Dynamics and growth of a bivalve, Abra tenuis, at the northern edge of its distribution

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Dekker ◽  
J. J. Beukema
Keyword(s):  
Wadden Sea ◽  
Maximum Size ◽  
High Water ◽  
The North ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Water Level Data ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Northern Edge ◽  
Cold Spring ◽  
Eastern Edge

The small bivalve Abra tennis (Montagu) (Bivalvia: Semelidae) reaches the north-eastern edge of its range in the Wadden Sea near the Dutch/German border. In the Wadden Sea it is restricted to a narrow intertidal zone close to the high-water level. Data are reported from a population at Balgzand, in the south-westernmost part of the Wadden Sea, which has been monitored for two decades. This population showed a strongly fluctuating density and was seemingly absent for more than three years following three severe winters in succession. Over-winter survival in adults was greater during mild than cold winters, and close to zero during all winters that were colder than average. Recruitment was higher in warm than in cold summers. Growth was more rapid in warm than in cold spring-summer periods. In warm years growth rates were higher than in more southern locations, and values for maximum size and life span were relatively high.

scholarly journals Deteksi Level Ketinggian Air Dengan Nikelin, Encoder dan Sensor Tekanan Untuk Sistem Peringatan Dini Banjir

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 45-49
Author(s):  
Latiful Hayat ◽  
Dian Nova Kusuma Hardani
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Pressure Sensor ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Nickel Wire ◽  
High Data ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Water Level Data

Floods and their problems show an increasing indication when rainfall is high. Data from BNPB shows that floods, landslides and tornadoes contributed to the total disasters in Indonesia in a decade. The existence of an early warning flood disaster can help evacuate before a disaster strikes. The system requires a water level detector as the basic data for determining flood predictions. In order to get the water level value, a touch water method can be used using electrodes or without touching the water with the help of pressure sensors, ultrasonic and imaging. Each method has advantages over the other. In this study, the effectivity and accuracy of detecting water levels were investigated using 3 methods: the direct touch of water through nickel wire, buoys with encoder, and pressure sensors. Detection of water levels can be used as a reference to obtain river water level data which is then connected via an IoT or internet connection as a reference for the Early Warning System for the arrival of floods. This study found that changes in water level of less than 30 cm can utilize buoys and encoders with an accuracy of detecting 5 to 6 counts per 1 mm increase in water level. Meanwhile, the measurement of less than 30 cm water level using nickel wire resulted in a non-linear value. The utilization of nickel wire can be used for a height of more than 30 cm where the change in resistivity has started to be linear. ADC change value is 2.93 mV/cm using 10 bit ADC at 5 Volt reference voltage. For water level heights of 50 cm and above, a pressure sensor can use a pressure sensor that can detect changes in pressure of 0.002 in Hg/mm or 0.05 mmHg/mm.

scholarly journals THE RIVER TESHA HYDROLOGICAL REGIME ASSESSMENT IN THE ARZAMAS TOWN AREA WHEN JUSTIFYING PROJECT DECISIONS

2020 ◽  
pp. 11-24
Author(s):  
Alexander N. Sitnov ◽  
Natalia V. Kochkurova
Keyword(s):  
Hydrological Regime ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
River Flooding ◽  
Project Study ◽  
Cross Section Area ◽  
Section Area ◽  
Long Term Observation

The article gives an assessment of the hydrological regime on the River Tesha sector . The assessment was obtained during the pre-project study of the object and allows making project decisions on clearing the riverbed. The River Tesha Basin has been well studied in the past. However, there was no data based on long-term observation of the river's hydrological regime parameters in the area under consideration; hence, the authors performed calculations for data recovery by interpolation between existing hydrological posts, as well as for obtaining their representative series and determining their hydrological characteristics. Correlation between changes in flow rates and water levels in the river was found, as well as between the riverbed morphological parameters (depth, width, cross-section area) and its hydraulic characteristics (flow rate, flow rates). The completed assessment of the hydrological regime makes it possible to forecast river flooding at high water levels as well as flooding of the surrounding area, and to make project decisions thereafter, including the identification of flooding areas, the dump sites choice, these sites functioning period f that depends on when and for how long they will be flooded during the year.

scholarly journals Assimilating SAR-derived water level data into a hydraulic model: a case study

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 2103-2144 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Giustarini ◽  
P. Matgen ◽  
R. Hostache ◽  
M. Montanari ◽  
D. Plaza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Filter ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Hydraulic Model ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Hydraulic Models ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Water Level Data ◽  
Assimilation Scheme

Abstract. Satellite-based active microwave sensors not only provide synoptic overviews of flooded areas, but also offer an effective way to estimate spatially distributed river water levels. If rapidly produced and processed, these data can be used for updating hydraulic models in near real-time. The usefulness of such approaches with real event data sets provided by currently existing sensors has yet to be demonstrated. In this case study, a Particle Filter-based assimilation scheme is used to integrate ERS-2 SAR and ENVISAT ASAR-derived water level data into a one-dimensional (1-D) hydraulic model of the Alzette River. Two variants of the Particle Filter assimilation scheme are proposed with a global and local particle weighting procedure. The first option finds the best water stage line across all cross sections, while the second option finds the best solution at individual cross sections. The variant that is to be preferred depends on the level of confidence that is attributed to the observations or to the model. The results show that the Particle Filter-based assimilation of remote sensing-derived water elevation data provides a significant reduction to the model forecast uncertainty. Moreover, it is shown that the periodical updating of hydraulic models through the proposed assimilation scheme leads to an improvement of model predictions over several time steps. However, the performance of the assimilation depends on the skill of the hydraulic model and the quality of the observation data.

scholarly journals Particle Tracking Using Dynamic Water-Level Data

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2063
Author(s):  
Yuan Gao
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Subsurface Water ◽  
Pressure Transducers ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Water Level Data ◽  
Fluid Particles

The movement of fluid particles about historic subsurface releases is often governed by dynamic subsurface water levels. Motivations for tracking the movement of fluid particles include tracking the fate of subsurface contaminants and resolving the fate of water stored in subsurface aquifers. This study provides a novel method for predicting the movement of subsurface particles relying on dynamic water-level data derived from continuously recording pressure transducers. At least three wells are needed to measure water levels which are used to determine the plain of the water table. Based on Darcy’s law, particle flow pathlines at the study site are obtained using the slope of the water table. The results show that hydrologic conditions, e.g., seasonal transpiration and precipitation, influence local groundwater flow. The changes of water level in short periods caused by the hydrologic variations made the hydraulic gradient diversify considerably, thus altering the direction of groundwater flow. Although a range of groundwater flow direction and gradient with time can be observed by an initial review of water levels in rose charts, the net groundwater flow at all field sites is largely constant in one direction which is driven by the gradients with higher magnitude.

scholarly journals Multi-objective optimization of typhoon inundation forecast models with cross-site structures for a water-level gauging network by integrating ARMAX with a genetic algorithm

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 1897-1909 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huei-Tau Ouyang
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Time Shift ◽  
Cumulative Rainfall ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Water Level Data ◽  
Forecast Models ◽  
Gauging Station ◽  
Cross Site

Abstract. The forecasting of inundation levels during typhoons requires that multiple objectives be taken into account, including the forecasting capacity with regard to variations in water level throughout the entire weather event, the accuracy that can be attained in forecasting peak water levels, and the time at which peak water levels are likely to occur. This paper proposed a means of forecasting inundation levels in real time using monitoring data from a water-level gauging network. ARMAX was used to construct water-level forecast models for each gauging station using input variables including cumulative rainfall and water-level data from other gauging stations in the network. Analysis of the correlation between cumulative rainfall and water-level data makes it possible to obtain the appropriate accumulation duration of rainfall and the time lags associated with each gauging station. Analyses on cross-site water levels as well as on cumulative rainfall enable the identification of associate sites pertaining to each gauging station that share high correlations with regard to water level and low mutual information with regard to cumulative rainfall. Water-level data from the identified associate sites are used as a second input variable for the water-level forecast model of the target site. Three indices were considered in the selection of an optimal model: the coefficient of efficiency (CE), error in the stage of peak water level (ESP), and relative time shift (RTS). A multi-objective genetic algorithm was employed to derive an optimal Pareto set of models capable of performing well in the three objectives. A case study was conducted on the Xinnan area of Yilan County, Taiwan, in which optimal water-level forecast models were established for each of the four water-level gauging stations in the area. Test results demonstrate that the model best able to satisfy ESP exhibited significant time shift, whereas the models best able to satisfy CE and RTS provide accurate forecasts of inundations when variations in water level are less extreme.

scholarly journals Identification of Hydrological Droughts in Lithuanian Rivers

2021 ◽  
pp. 87-99
Author(s):  
Gintarė Kugytė ◽  
Gintaras Valiuškevičius
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Hydrological Drought ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
True Value ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Water Level Data ◽  
Lithuanian Rivers ◽  
Hydrological Droughts

Globally, hydrological droughts are most commonly identified based on various indices calculated from water flow values. However, the water flow rate is calculated from a flow rate curve that needs to be updated constantly, so it takes a long time to resolve its true value. For this reason, the possibility of identifying a hydrological drought on the basis of hourly and prompt treated water levels seems much more attractive. 8 water gauging stations (WGS) operating along 7 important rivers and covering the hydrological areas of visas in the Lithuanian region were selected for the study. In this study, a modified SPI function of the R programming language SPEI package (traditionally used to calculate the standardized precipitation index, SPI) was applied for the streamflow drought index (SDI) calculations. Given how it was applied to the SDI calculation, just like the baseline data, this was the ten-day mean water flow and then the water level. The suitability of water level data for SDI calculations was assessed by analyzing the relationships between SWLI (Standartized Water Level Index) calculated from water level data and SDI calculated from water flow information. SWLI and SDI in all 8 WGS are closely interconnected. It was found that the possibility of recurrence of droughts of different severity identified by both methods is significantly influenced by the profile of the river bed in a specific section. In areas where riverbanks have steeper slopes, the SWLI and SDI similarly describes the water situation and the recurrence of droughts. It is believed that a modified SDI methodology (SWLI), which is based on water level data, may become a good alternative in our country for identifying hydrological droughts. Keywords: Lithuanian rivers, hydrological drought, identification of droughts, water level, SDI, SWLI.

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