scholarly journals NUMERICAL MODELLING OF TROPICAL CYCLONE STORM SURGE

1980 ◽  
Vol 1 (17) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Rodney J. Sobey ◽  
Bruce A. Harper ◽  
George M. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Cyclone ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
Wave Equations ◽  
Surface Wind ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Open Boundary ◽  
Deformation Analysis ◽  
Linear Effects ◽  
Explicit Finite Difference ◽  
Hurricane Storm Surge

Details are presented of a general numerical hydrodynamic model for the generation and propagation of tropical cyclone or hurricane storm surge. The model, known as SURGE, solves the two-dimensional depth-integrated form of the Long Wave Equations using an explicit finite difference procedure, with tropical cyclone surface wind and pressure forcing estimated from an adaption of available models based on U.S. hurricanes. Variations in tropical cyclone parameters as well as the physical characteristics of a coastal location such as bathymetry and details of capes, bays, reefs and islands are accommodated by the model. The accuracy and stability of the numerical solution have been confirmed by a comprehensive wave deformation analysis including quasi-non-linear effects and the open boundary problem has been overcome by the use of a Bathystrophic Storm Tide approximation to boundary water levels. A detailed sensitivity analysis has identified the principal surge generating parameters and the model has been checked against an historical tropical cyclone storm surge. SURGE has been used extensively in the northern Australian region and examples are presented.

scholarly journals A Basin- to Channel-Scale Unstructured Grid Hurricane Storm Surge Model Applied to Southern Louisiana

2008 ◽  
Vol 136 (3) ◽  
pp. 833-864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joannes J. Westerink ◽  
Richard A. Luettich ◽  
Jesse C. Feyen ◽  
John H. Atkinson ◽  
Clint Dawson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Storm Surge ◽  
Unstructured Grid ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Computational Cost ◽  
Skill Assessment ◽  
Open Boundary ◽  
Wind Fields ◽  
Hurricane Wind ◽  
Hurricane Storm Surge ◽  
Southern Louisiana

Abstract Southern Louisiana is characterized by low-lying topography and an extensive network of sounds, bays, marshes, lakes, rivers, and inlets that permit widespread inundation during hurricanes. A basin- to channel-scale implementation of the Advanced Circulation (ADCIRC) unstructured grid hydrodynamic model has been developed that accurately simulates hurricane storm surge, tides, and river flow in this complex region. This is accomplished by defining a domain and computational resolution appropriate for the relevant processes, specifying realistic boundary conditions, and implementing accurate, robust, and highly parallel unstructured grid numerical algorithms. The model domain incorporates the western North Atlantic, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea so that interactions between basins and the shelf are explicitly modeled and the boundary condition specification of tidal and hurricane processes can be readily defined at the deep water open boundary. The unstructured grid enables highly refined resolution of the complex overland region for modeling localized scales of flow while minimizing computational cost. Kinematic data assimilative or validated dynamic-modeled wind fields provide the hurricane wind and pressure field forcing. Wind fields are modified to incorporate directional boundary layer changes due to overland increases in surface roughness, reduction in effective land roughness due to inundation, and sheltering due to forested canopies. Validation of the model is achieved through hindcasts of Hurricanes Betsy and Andrew. A model skill assessment indicates that the computed peak storm surge height has a mean absolute error of 0.30 m.

scholarly journals Correlating Storm Surge Heights with Tropical Cyclone Winds at and before Landfall

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hal F. Needham ◽  
Barry D. Keim
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Cyclone ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Management Personnel ◽  
Maximum Water ◽  
Wind Surge ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Unique Dataset

Abstract This paper investigates relationships between storm surge heights and tropical cyclone wind speeds at 3-h increments preceding landfall. A unique dataset containing hourly tropical cyclone position and wind speed is used in conjunction with a comprehensive storm surge dataset that provides maximum water levels for 189 surge events along the U.S. Gulf Coast from 1880 to 2011. A landfall/surge classification was developed for analyzing the relationship between surge magnitudes and prelandfall winds. Ten of the landfall/surge event types provided useable data, producing 117 wind–surge events that were incorporated into this study. Statistical analysis indicates that storm surge heights correlate better with prelandfall tropical cyclone winds than with wind speeds at landfall. Wind speeds 18 h before landfall correlated best with surge heights. Raising wind speeds to exponential powers produced the best wind–surge fit. Higher wind–surge correlations were found when testing a more recent sample of data that contained 63 wind–surge events since 1960. The highest correlation for these data was found when wind speeds 18 h before landfall were raised to a power of 2.2, which provided R2 values that approached 0.70. The R2 values at landfall for these same data were only 0.44. Such results will be useful to storm surge modelers, coastal scientists, and emergency management personnel, especially when tropical cyclones rapidly strengthen or weaken while approaching the coast.

scholarly journals Storm surge and wave simulations in the Gulf of Mexico using a consistent drag relation for atmospheric and storm surge models

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2399-2410 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Vatvani ◽  
N. C. Zweers ◽  
M. van Ormondt ◽  
A. J. Smale ◽  
H. de Vries ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Drag Coefficient ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
Weather Prediction ◽  
Surface Wind ◽  
Wave Model ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Wave Effects

Abstract. To simulate winds and water levels, numerical weather prediction (NWP) and storm surge models generally use the traditional bulk relation for wind stress, which is characterized by a wind drag coefficient. A still commonly used drag coefficient in those models, some of them were developed in the past, is based on a relation, according to which the magnitude of the coefficient is either constant or increases monotonically with increasing surface wind speed (Bender, 2007; Kim et al., 2008; Kohno and Higaki, 2006). The NWP and surge models are often tuned independently from each other in order to obtain good results. Observations have indicated that the magnitude of the drag coefficient levels off at a wind speed of about 30 m s−1, and then decreases with further increase of the wind speed. Above a wind speed of approximately 30 m s−1, the stress above the air-sea interface starts to saturate. To represent the reducing and levelling off of the drag coefficient, the original Charnock drag formulation has been extended with a correction term. In line with the above, the Delft3D storm surge model is tested using both Charnock's and improved Makin's wind drag parameterization to evaluate the improvements on the storm surge model results, with and without inclusion of the wave effects. The effect of waves on storm surge is included by simultaneously simulating waves with the SWAN model on identical model grids in a coupled mode. However, the results presented here will focus on the storm surge results that include the wave effects. The runs were carried out in the Gulf of Mexico for Katrina and Ivan hurricane events. The storm surge model was initially forced with H*wind data (Powell et al., 2010) to test the effect of the Makin's wind drag parameterization on the storm surge model separately. The computed wind, water levels and waves are subsequently compared with observation data. Based on the good results obtained, we conclude that, for a good reproduction of the storm surges under hurricane conditions, Makin's new drag parameterization is favourable above the traditional Charnock relation. Furthermore, we are encouraged by these results to continue the studies and establish the effect of improved Makin's wind drag parameterization in the wave model. The results from this study will be used to evaluate the relevance of extending the present towards implementation of a similar wind drag parameterization in the SWAN wave model, in line with our aim to apply a consistent wind drag formulation throughout the entire storm surge modelling approach.

scholarly journals COMPUTATION OF PARTICLE PATHS USING THE LAGRANGIAN LONG WAVE EQUATIONS

1982 ◽  
Vol 1 (18) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
M.A. Savoie ◽  
J. Van de Kreeke
Keyword(s):  
Finite Difference Method ◽  
Wave Equations ◽  
Open Boundary ◽  
Stress And Strain ◽  
Tidal Motion ◽  
Long Wave ◽  
Linear And Nonlinear ◽  
Explicit Finite Difference ◽  
Particle Paths ◽  
Explicit Finite Difference Method

The Lagrangian long wave equations and the Lagrangian expressions for stress and strain are derived. Retaining the dominant terms the long wave equations are solved using an explicit finite difference method. Using the numerical solution, particle paths are computed for the tidal motion in a basin connected to the ocean by a single inlet. At the open boundary particle displacements are described. Computations are carried out with and without the Coriolis force and for linear and nonlinear bottom friction.

scholarly journals COMBINED EFFECT OF RIVER DISCHARGE AND STORM SURGE ON SAFE WATER LEVEL AROUND URBANIZED ESTUARY

2018 ◽  
pp. 96
Author(s):  
Dong-Hwan Kim ◽  
Sung-Jin Hong ◽  
Hwa-Young Lee ◽  
Dong-Seag Kim ◽  
Yong-Han Jung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Storm Surge ◽  
River Discharge ◽  
River Mouth ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Open Boundary ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Elevation Data ◽  
River Mouths

Suyeong Bay near Suyeong River, which is a well-known and highly populated area that offers attractions such as Haeundae and Gwangalli beaches, was extensively damaged by Typhoon Maemi in 2003. This region is exposed to the effects of global warming such as super typhoons, sea level rise, and heavy rain. Lowlands near river mouths are particularly vulnerable to the dual effects of flooding from heavy rain and storm surge. Therefore, accurate predictions of the interaction between river discharge and storm surge are crucial for the safety of residents. In this study, numerical simulations of storm surge and flooding were conducted using Advanced Circulation Model for Oceanic, Coastal, and Estuarine Water (ADCIRC) under Typhoon Maemi conditions. The model grid represented the characteristics of the bay and the domain of the Suyeong River basin accurately. In addition, an unstructured grid was used, which was driven by tidal forcing at the open boundary and river discharge at the upriver boundary. The results of this study indicate that the influence of storm surge and river discharge resulted in water levels of more than 0.381 m compared to estimates without river discharge. This study also examined the vulnerability of the river mouth using water elevation data combined with river discharge and storm surge. Interaction of river discharge and storm surge in coastal-inlet areas is essential for assessing water safety and developing a safety index for flood events.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF THE EVOLUTION OF STORM SURGE IN COASTAL LOUISIANA

2018 ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Christopher Siverd ◽  
Scott Hagen ◽  
Matthew Bilskie ◽  
DeWitt Braud ◽  
Shu Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Storm Surge ◽  
Coastal Wetlands ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Coastal Protection ◽  
Coastal Landscape ◽  
Hurricane Storm Surge ◽  
The Pearl River ◽  
Louisiana Coast ◽  
Sabine Lake

The Louisiana coastal landscape comprises an intricate system of fragmented wetlands, natural ridges, man-made navigation canals, flood protection and oil and gas infrastructure. Louisiana lost approximately 1,883 square miles (4,877 sq km) of coastal wetlands from 1932 to 2010 including 300 square miles (777 sq km) lost between 2004 and 2008 due to Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, Gustav and Ike (Couvillion et al., 2011). A projected additional 2,250 square miles (5,827 sq km) of coastal wetlands will be lost over the next 50 years if no preventative actions are taken (Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority of Louisiana, 2017). Storm surge models representing historical eras of the Louisiana coastal landscape can be developed to investigate the response of hurricane storm surge (e.g. peak water levels, inundation volume and time) to land loss and vegetative changes. Land:Water (L:W) isopleths (Gagliano et al., 1970; Twilley et al., 2016; Siverd et al., 2018) have been calculated along the Louisiana coast from Sabine Lake to the Pearl River. These isopleths were utilized to develop a simplified coastal landscape (bathymetry, topography, bottom roughness) representing circa2010. Similar methods are employed with the objective of developing storm surge models that represent the coastal landscape for past eras (circa1890, c.1930, c.1970).

scholarly journals The comparison of two parametric wind models for hurricane storm surge prediction

MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 579-586
Author(s):  
JYE CHEN
Keyword(s):  
Storm Surge ◽  
Wind Profile ◽  
Surface Wind ◽  
Tropical Storm ◽  
Maximum Wind ◽  
Maximum Surface ◽  
Hurricane Storm Surge ◽  
Wind Profiles

The tropical storm surge models depend critically on the maximum surface wind and shape of the wind profile. Since none of them are easy to measure, designing the parametric wind models for the storm surge prediction becomes divergent. Two widely used, but very different, wind models are examined. The study of their parameters showed that their resulting maximum wind and the shape of the wind profiles are similar. This property is a very useful guide for evaluating different surge models.    

scholarly journals Data Assimilation within the Advanced Circulation (ADCIRC) Modeling Framework for Hurricane Storm Surge Forecasting

2012 ◽  
Vol 140 (7) ◽  
pp. 2215-2231 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Butler ◽  
M. U. Altaf ◽  
C. Dawson ◽  
I. Hoteit ◽  
X. Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Assimilation ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Hurricane Storm Surge ◽  
Storm Surge Forecasting

Abstract Accurate, real-time forecasting of coastal inundation due to hurricanes and tropical storms is a challenging computational problem requiring high-fidelity forward models of currents and water levels driven by hurricane-force winds. Despite best efforts in computational modeling there will always be uncertainty in storm surge forecasts. In recent years, there has been significant instrumentation located along the coastal United States for the purpose of collecting data—specifically wind, water levels, and wave heights—during these extreme events. This type of data, if available in real time, could be used in a data assimilation framework to improve hurricane storm surge forecasts. In this paper a data assimilation methodology for storm surge forecasting based on the use of ensemble Kalman filters and the advanced circulation (ADCIRC) storm surge model is described. The singular evolutive interpolated Kalman (SEIK) filter has been shown to be effective at producing accurate results for ocean models using small ensemble sizes initialized by an empirical orthogonal function analysis. The SEIK filter is applied to the ADCIRC model to improve storm surge forecasting, particularly in capturing maximum water levels (high water marks) and the timing of the surge. Two test cases of data obtained from hindcast studies of Hurricanes Ike and Katrina are presented. It is shown that a modified SEIK filter with an inflation factor improves the accuracy of coarse-resolution forecasts of storm surge resulting from hurricanes. Furthermore, the SEIK filter requires only modest computational resources to obtain more accurate forecasts of storm surge in a constrained time window where forecasters must interact with emergency responders.

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