scholarly journals THE OBITSDI RIVER WATER SCHEME AND IT'S SALINITY PROBLEMS

1966 ◽  
Vol 1 (10) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Yasuo Miyake ◽  
Tsutomu Kishi ◽  
Junichi Takahashi ◽  
Tatsuya Ikeda
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Wind Effect ◽  
Approximate Theory ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Reservoir Water ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Earth Embankment

In this paper, the authors describe the salinity problems and their solutions which were encountered in the Obitsui River Water Scheme. The salinity problems in this water scheme are caused by differnt origins; The one is seepage of the sea water through the earth embankment, and the other is the diffusion of the saline water from the reservoir bed. Laboratory experiments and field observations were performed to confirm the detailed design of the reservoir. It was found that the salinity concentration of the reservoir water could be controlled less than 500ppm m weight, when the earth embankment of 1,000m width was released. The another way of salinity control studied by the authors was the recharging channel. At the present stage of studies, the recharging channel is considered to be favourable. Finally, the wind effect on the mterfacial mixing of the salt and fresh water in a reservoir was studied. An approximate theory to calculate the mixing rate of the salt water was derived from the field observations.

scholarly journals The fate of Earth’s ocean

2001 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 569-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Bounama ◽  
S. Franck ◽  
W. von Bloh
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Reservoir Water ◽  
Global Water Cycle ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Future ◽  
Global Water

Abstract. Questions of how water arrived on the Earth’s surface, how much water is contained in the Earth system as a whole, and how much water will be available in the future in the surface reservoirs are of central importance to our understanding of the Earth. To answer the question about the fate of the Earth’s ocean, one has to study the global water cycle under conditions of internal and external forcing processes. Modern estimates suggest that the transport of water to the surface is five times smaller than water movement to the mantle, so that the Earth will lose all its sea-water in one billion years from now. This straightforward extrapolation of subduction-zone fluxes into the future seems doubtful. Using a geophysical modelling approach it was found that only 27% of the modern ocean will be subducted in one billion years. Internal feedbacks will not be the cause of the ocean drying out. Instead, the drying up of surface reservoirs in the future will be due to the increase in temperature caused by a maturing Sun connected to hydrogen escape to outer space. Keywords: Surface water reservoir, water fluxes, regassing, degassing, global water cycle

scholarly journals Low cost carbon electrodes to produce salinity gradient energy using reverse electrodialysis membranes: Effect of feed flow velocities and addition of Mg2+

2018 ◽  
Vol 197 ◽  
pp. 09006
Author(s):  
Tsalis Wahyu Najmiyah ◽  
Lina Aziyah ◽  
Yusuf Hendrawan ◽  
Dewi Maya Maharani ◽  
La Choviya Hawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Power Density ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Salinity Gradient ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Feed Solution ◽  
Flow Velocities

In this research , we investigate the effect of feed flow velocity in both monovalent (Na+) and divalent (Mg2+) salt water solutions to harvest the electrical energy from the reverse electro dialysis (RED) membranes module. The synthetic sea water solution uses 0.5 M concentration of salt and the synthetic river water salt concentration of 0.017 M were used. The carbon electrode was used, due to its low cost, higher melting point, and insoluble in water. Variation of feed flow velocities (sea water and synthetic river water) of 8 cm2/s, 14 cm2/s, 19 cm2/s were used, in addition to compare electrical energy produced from the used of monovalent and divalent ions. The best result was obtained by using the velocity of feed solution 19 cm2/s with the electricty value of 8.033 mV, 0.002 Ω/cm2 and power density of 1,141 mW/m2, while the influence of the addition of Mg2 + ion in the feed solution resulted the electricty value of 4.47 mV, 0.003 Ω/cm2 and power density of 0.15 mW/m2. Albeit the results, some more configuration is needed and worth to be investigated in the future.

scholarly journals APLIKASI MEMBRAN SILIKA-PEKTIN UNTUK DESALINASI AIR PAYAU

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muthia Elma ◽  
Mahmud Mahmud ◽  
Akhbar Akhbar ◽  
Lilis Suryani ◽  
Fitri Ria Mustalifah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Calcination Temperature ◽  
Thermal Processing ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Rapid Thermal Processing ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Banana Peel ◽  
Feed Water

Di Indonesia khususnya Kalimantan Selatan, sumber air yang digunakan kebanyakan adalah air sungai. Namun saat kemarau seperti bulan juli-agustus, air sungai banyak yang telah tekontaminasi air laut yang menyebabkan air menjadi asin akibat intrusi air laut. Salah satu teknologi yang dapat digunakan untuk memisahkan garam terlarut yang ada adalah dengan menggunakan teknologi membran dengan proses desalinasi. Membran yang digunakan adalah membran silika. Namun silika memiliki hidrostabilitas yang rendah sehingga perlu disisipkan dengan karbon yang terbuat dari pektin limbah kulit pisang agar memperkuat struktur pori maupun hidrostabilitas membran itu sendiri agar menambah kekuatan membran untuk menyaring kandungan garam yang ada pada air rawa asin. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui kinerja dari membran silika-pektin pisang dengan proses sintesis membran 4 layer (Konsentrasi pektin 0,1% dengan suhu kalsinasi 300 oC dan 400 oC dengan teknik RTP (Rapid Thermal Processing) menggunakan metode pervaporasi (PV) serta air laut artifisial sebagai air umpan (NaCl 0,3 wt%) dengan suhu ruang (25 0 C).  Diperoleh hasil penelitian konsentrasi pektin 0,1 % dengan suhu kalsinasi 300 oC dan 400 oC adalah berturut-turut 5,45 dan 13,70 Kgm-2h-1. Sementara itu, nilai rejeksi kedua membran ini berturut-turut 91,94 % dan 92,08. Jadi,  kinerja kedua membran silika pektin tersebut yang paling baik adalah pada suhu kalsinasi 400oC untuk deslinasi air asin. Kata kunci : Air asin, desalinasi, membran silika-pektin, pervaporasi. In Indonesia, especially South Kalimantan, the source of water used is mostly river water. But during the dry season like July-August, many river water has contaminated sea water which causes the water to become salty due to sea water intrusion. One technology that can be used to separate existing dissolved salts is to use membrane technology with the desalination process. The membrane used is the silica membrane. However, silica has low hydrostability so it needs to be inserted with carbon made from pectin from banana peel waste in order to strengthen the pore structure and membrane hydrostability itself in order to increase the strength of the membrane to filter out the salt content in salt marsh water. The purpose of this study was to determine the performance of the banana silica-pectin membrane with a 4 layer membrane synthesis process (pectin concentration of 0.1% with calcination temperature of 300 oC and 400 oC with RTP (Rapid Thermal Processing) technique using pervaporation (PV) method and water artificial sea as feed water (NaCl 0.3 wt%) with room temperature (25 oC) .The results of the study were 0.1% pectin concentration with calcination temperature of 300 oC and 400 oC were respectively 5.45 and 13.70 Kgm-2h-1. Meanwhile, the rejection values of the two membranes were 91.94% and 92.08, respectively, so the best performance of the two pectin silica membranes was at calcination temperature of 400oC for saltwater deslination. Keywords: Desalination, pervaporation, salt water, silica-pectin membrane.

scholarly journals The Effects of Salinity Changes on the Respiratory Rate of the Prawn Palaemonetes Varians (Leach)

1956 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 730-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. LOFTS
Keyword(s):  
Salt Marsh ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Drainage Ditches ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Salinity Changes ◽  
British Coast

1. Palaemonetes varians, variety microgenitor, commonly inhabits only saline water around the British coast. It is, however, abundant in water of extremely low salinity in the Cardiff area, where it occurs in the drainage ditches of farm land adjacent to an area of salt-marsh. 2. Animals from areas of both high and low salinity were subjected, in the laboratory, to a range of salinities varying from pure tap water to concentrated sea water. The rate of respiration at each salinity was measured. 3. The population that inhabited the almost fresh water in the ditches differed physiologically from the salt-water form, although morphologically they were identical. 4. The salt-water population showed a minimum respiratory rate when in a medium of 26% NaCl salinity. This was expected, since the animal is isotonic at this salinity and the osmoregulatory work is minimal. The second population respired least when in a medium of 6% NaCl. The significance of this is discussed.

scholarly journals Regulation of the Haemolymph in the Saline Water Mosquito Larva Aedes Detritus Edw

1939 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 346-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. BEADLE
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Aedes Detritus ◽  
Salt Exchange ◽  
Water Species

1. The larvae of the mosquito Aedes detritus have been reported only from definitely saline waters. They have been found in water of salinity equivalent to c 10 % NaCl. 2. In the laboratory they were acclimatized with ease to distilled water, sea water (7 % Nacl), 3.5 % NaCl, and glycerol (3.5 % NaCl). They also show considerable resistance to N/20 NaOH, but less to N/20 KOH and N/50 HCl. They are unable to live permanently in solutions of the chlorides of potassium, calcium and magnesium of osmotic pressure equivalent to 3.5 % NaCl. 3. In sea water of varying salinity they can regulate both the total osmotic pressure and chloride content of the haemolymph. A rise from nil to 6.0 % NaCl in the osmotic pressure of the medium is reflected in an increase of from c. 0.8 % to 1.4 % NaCl in that of the haemolymph. 4. In hypotonic solutions and distilled water much chloride is lost, but this is compensated by an increase in the non-chloride fraction. In hypertonic sea water the rise in osmotic pressure is due to increase in the chloride fraction, the non-chloride fraction remaining constant. 5. From this and from experiments with non-electrolytes it is concluded that the larva is permeable to salts and to molecules as large as glycerol, and that the regulatory mechanism in hypertonic saline is concerned with compensation rather for penetration of salts than for loss of water by osmosis. 6. Ligature experiments suggest that this mechanism is the excretion of salt by the Malpighian tubes, but further proof is required. 7. Salt exchange with the environment takes place via the gut, the body surface being impermeable to salts and water. 8. The larvae are able to concentrate chloride from hypotonic solutions but not as effectively as fresh-water species and only when the chloride content of the medium is a little below that of the haemolymph. 9. The anal gills, as in all salt-water species, are very small and appear to be impermeable to salts and water. It is therefore concluded that they are not the seat of the chloride-absorbing mechanism. 10. The osmotic pressure of the haemolymph is trebled by treatment with glycerol (3.5 % NaCl), which must be mainly the result of penetration of glycerol. The larva will however live normally in this, and an important factor in the resistance to abnormal media is therefore the adaptability of the tissues to changes in the concentration and composition of the haemolymph. 11. The increase in the osmotic pressure of the haemolymph induced by hypertonic sea water and glycerol does not alter the amount of fluid in the tracheoles. This is discussed in relation to the possible mechanism for the absorption of the tracheole fluid.

scholarly journals Oviposition and Development of Anopheles coluzzii coetzee and Wilkerson in Salt Water

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
E. K. Nwaefuna ◽  
Ibalafake Ibisobia Bagshaw ◽  
F. Gbogbo ◽  
M. Osae
Keyword(s):  
Brackish Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Anopheles Coluzzii ◽  
Media Effect ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Ovipositional Preference

Anopheles coluzzii is an important vector of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa particularly of the most dangerous malaria parasite. It completes its life cycle in water and a change in physicochemical properties particularly that of salinity of water may affect egg laying and perhaps the development of eggs to maturity. Studies have shown that climate change may alter the transmission of many vector-borne diseases in different parts of the world and global warming will also raise sea levels which will lead to an increase in saline and brackish water body in coastal areas. This study investigated the salinity tolerance level of An. coluzzii. It involved creation of artificial environments of different salinity gradients using rainwater and sea water and the subsequent exposure of the media to An. coluzzii for laying of eggs and development of larvae to adult. Anopheles coluzzii showed ovipositional preference for less saline media as there was significant negative correlation between number of eggs laid and salinity of oviposition media. Effect of salinity was evident in egg development and larval survival, as no egg hatched in >30% sea water, all L3 larvae died in >40% seawater, and the maximum seawater concentration for L4 survival was 30%. An LC50 of 17.51% (95% CI: 9.31–24.56)% and 23.4% (95% CI: 16.76–22.30)% were calculated for L3 and L4 larvae respectively. Adults emerging from fresh and low saline water of 10% seawater had greater energy reserve than those emerging from 20% and 30% seawater. Increasing salinity did not affect wing length of the emerging adult. Despite the increased stress on larval development, some individuals survived and went on to emerge as adults in conditions that seem to be representative of brackish water. This may imply that an increase in brackish water sites caused by rising sea levels might create more suitable breeding sites for this species.

Drinking water quality and protection of resources

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 51-54
Author(s):  
J. Fettig
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
River Water ◽  
Spring Water ◽  
Public Water Supply ◽  
Legal Requirements ◽  
Reservoir Water ◽  
Water Lake ◽  
Treatment Step

Abstract The structure of public water supply in Germany and the water resources used are briefly described. An overview over the legal requirements for drinking water is given, and the sources for contaminants are outlined. Then the multiple-barrier approach is discussed with respect to the resources groundwater and spring water, lake and reservoir water, and river water. Examples for treatment schemes are given and the principle of subsurface transport of river water as a first treatment step is described.

Investigational Studies on Quantity of Salinity in Netravati River Estuary Sand-Coastal Karnataka

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Raveesha P ◽  
K. E. Prakash ◽  
B. T. Suresh Babu
Keyword(s):  
Brackish Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Sand Sample ◽  
River Sand ◽  
Natural Aggregates

The salt water mixes with fresh water and forms brackish water. The brackish water contains some quantity of salt, but not equal to sea water. Salinity determines the geographic distribution of the number of marshes found in estuary. Hence salinity is a very important environmental factor in estuary system. Sand is one major natural aggregate, required in construction industry mainly for the manufacture of concrete. The availability of good river sand is reduced due to salinity. The quality of sand available from estuarine regions is adversely affected due to this reason. It is the responsibility of engineers to check the quality of sand and its strength parameters before using it for any construction purpose. Presence of salt content in natural aggregates or manufactured aggregates is the cause for corrosion in steel. In this study the amount of salinity present in estuary sand was determined. Three different methods were used to determine the salinity in different seasonal variations. The sand sample collected nearer to the sea was found to be high in salinity in all methods.  It can be concluded that care should be taken before we use estuary sand as a construction material due to the presence of salinity.

COASTAL AND ESTUARINE SEDIMENT DYNAMICS IN THE MEZEN BAY AND ESTUARIES MEZEN AND KULOY

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Н. Демиденко ◽  
N. Demidenko
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
River Discharge ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Sediment Dynamics ◽  
Estuarine Sediment ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sand Waves ◽  
Tidal Estuaries ◽  
High Concentrations

In the Mezen bay and estuaries Mezen and Kuloy can be high concentrations of mud suspension there, involving the formation at times mobile suspensions and settled mud. Within estuaries the river water is mixed with the sea water by the action of tidal motions, by waves on the sea surface and by the river discharge forcing its way to the sea. Nearly all shallow tidal estuaries, where currents exceed about 1,0m s-1 and where sand is present, have sand waves. Sand waves have a variety of cross-sectional and plan forms.

Evaluation of Heavy Metal Contents in Mudflat Solar Salt, Salt Water, and Sea Water in the Nationwide Salt Pan

2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 1014-1019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hag-Lyeol Kim ◽  
Young-Joo Yoo ◽  
In-Sun Lee ◽  
Gang-Hee Ko ◽  
In-Cheol Kim
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Solar Salt ◽  
Metal Contents ◽  
Salt Pan
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