The long-term use of sedative hypnotics in chronic insomnia

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-81
Author(s):  
Chelsie B. Heesch
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Chronic Condition ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
Adverse Effect Profile ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Term Adverse Effect ◽  
Sedative Hypnotics

Symptoms of insomnia are highly prevalent among adults and insomnia is often a chronic condition which may occur for years. Sedative hypnotics including benzodiazepines (BZDs), zolpidem, eszopiclone, and zaleplon (NBZDs) are commonly used to treat insomnia. The longest controlled studies evaluating the safety and efficacy of NBZDs were 12 months in duration and 2 months in duration for the BZD, temazepam. These studies suggest that NBZDs continue to be effective and safe when used for up to 12 months. The short-term adverse effects are more common and more severe for BZDs than for NBZDs. Despite the current practice of using sedative hypnotics for longer durations, studies have yet to evaluate the long-term adverse effect profile.

Oil pollution and fisheries

1982 ◽  
Vol 297 (1087) ◽  
pp. 401-411 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
Local Impacts ◽  
Reduced Water ◽  
Long Term Adverse Effects

The term ‘pollution’ is taken in its broadest sense and effects are recognized to be due to interference, tainting and toxicity. Each of these types of impact is discussed and assessed. It is concluded that no long-term adverse effects on fish stocks can be attributed to oil but that local impacts can be extremely damaging in the short term and that produce from specific localities can be tainted and unmarketable for long periods. In some coastal areas oil can be one among several contributors to reduced water quality, and the implications of this are discussed.

scholarly journals The Immune System Can Hear Noise

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andi Zhang ◽  
Tianyuan Zou ◽  
Dongye Guo ◽  
Quan Wang ◽  
Yilin Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Noise Exposure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intensity Noise ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Non Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
Exposure During Pregnancy

As a stressor widely existing in daily life, noise can cause great alterations to the immune system and result in many physical and mental disorders, including noise-induced deafness, sleep disorders, cardiovascular diseases, endocrine diseases and other problems. The immune system plays a major role in maintaining homeostasis by recognizing and removing harmful substances in the body. Many studies have shown that noise may play vital roles in the occurrence and development of some immune diseases. In humans, both innate immunity and specific immunity can be influenced by noise, and different exposure durations and intensities of noise may exert various effects on the immune system. Short-term or low-intensity noise can enhance immune function, while long-term or high-intensity noise suppresses it. Noise can lead to the occurrence of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) through the production of autoantibodies such as anti-Hsp70 and anti-Hsp60 and exert adverse effects related to other immune-related diseases such as some autoimmune diseases and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The neuroendocrine system, mainly including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) system, is involved in the mechanisms of immune-related diseases induced by noise and gut microbiota dysfunction. In addition, noise exposure during pregnancy may be harmful to the immune system of the fetus. On the other hand, some studies have shown that music can improve immune function and alleviate the adverse effects caused by noise.

Propofol for the long-term sedation of a critically ill patient

1998 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
LJ Miller ◽  
R Wiles-Pfeifler
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
English Language ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Critically Ill Patient ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Medline Search ◽  
Cardiovascular Depression ◽  
Language Literature

OBJECTIVE: To report a case in which propofol was used successfully in an intubated patient on a prolonged basis and to review the literature that discusses long-term infusions (> 7 days) of propofol. METHODS: Information was retrieved from a MEDLINE search of the English-language literature. Reports of clinical trials and case reports that compared the safety and efficacy of long-term propofol and midazolam were included in this review. Information about the study design and the efficacy and adverse effects of the drugs was collected, and the data were synthesized. RESULTS: Clinical reports indicate that a long-term infusion of propofol is comparable in safety and efficacy to a long-term infusion of midazolam. The distinct adverse-effect profile of long-term use of propofol, including hypertriglyceridemia, was evaluated and reported as significant. CONCLUSION: The limited data available suggest that long-term infusion of propofol is a practical alternative to use of standard agents for sedation of intubated patients. Adverse effects such as cardiovascular depression, respiratory depression, and hypertriglyceridemia may limit the routine use of propofol.

scholarly journals New Scheme of Intermittent Benznidazole Administration in Patients Chronically Infected with Trypanosoma cruzi: a Pilot Short-Term Follow-Up Study with Adult Patients

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 833-837 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Gabriela Álvarez ◽  
Yolanda Hernández ◽  
Graciela Bertocchi ◽  
Marisa Fernández ◽  
Bruno Lococo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Main Criterion ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
End Of Treatment ◽  
Chronic Chagas Disease

ABSTRACTThere is a clinical need to test new schemes of benznidazole administration that are expected to be at least as effective as the current therapeutic scheme but safer. This study assessed a new scheme of benznidazole administration in chronic Chagas disease patients. A pilot study with intermittent doses of benznidazole at 5 mg/kg/day in two daily doses every 5 days for a total of 60 days was designed. The main criterion of response was the comparison of quantitative PCR (qPCR) findings prior to and 1 week after the end of treatment. The safety profile was assessed by the rate of suspensions and severity of adverse effects. Twenty patients were analyzed for safety, while qPCR was tested for 17 of them. The average age was 43 ± 7.9 years; 55% were female. Sixty-five percent of treated subjects showed detectable qPCR results prior to treatment of 1.45 (0.63 to 2.81) and 2.1 (1.18 to 2.78) parasitic equivalents per milliliter of blood (par.eq/ml) for kinetoplastic DNA (kDNA) qPCR and nuclear repetitive sequence satellite DNA (SatDNA) qPCR, respectively. One patient showed detectable PCR at the end of treatment (1/17), corresponding to 6% treatment failure, compared with 11/17 (65%) patients pretreatment (P= 0.01). Adverse effects were present in 10/20 (50%) patients, but in only one case was treatment suspended. Eight patients showed mild adverse effects, whereas moderate reactions with increased liver enzymes were observed in two patients. The main accomplishment of this pilot study is the promising low rate of treatment suspension. Intermittent administration of benznidazole emerges a new potential therapeutic scheme, the efficacy of which should be confirmed by long-term assessment posttreatment.

scholarly journals Lymphoedema in patients with lentigo maligna treated with imiquimod: a long-term adverse effect

2018 ◽  
Vol 178 (6) ◽  
pp. 1441-1442 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Tio ◽  
G. Kirtschig ◽  
R. Hoekzema ◽  
C. van Montfrans
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Lentigo Maligna ◽  
Term Adverse Effect

Long-term safety, tolerability, and efficacy of OROS® hydromorphone in patients with chronic pain

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Wallace, MD ◽  
Dwight E. Moulin, MD ◽  
Richard L. Rauck, MD ◽  
Sarita Khanna, PhD ◽  
Iulia Cristina Tudor, PhD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Brief Pain Inventory ◽  
The United States ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Analgesic Effects ◽  
N 93

Objective: To assess the safety and efficacy of long-term repeated dosing of OROS® hydromorphone in chronic pain patients.Design: This multicenter, open-label extension trial enrolled patients from three short-term OROS® hydromorphone trials.Setting: Fifty-six centers in the United States and Canada.Patients: Adults with chronic cancer pain or chronic nonmalignant pain who were receiving stable doses of OROS® hydromorphone (≥8 mg/day). Three hundred and eighty-eight patients were enrolled, 106 patients completed at least 12 months of therapy.Interventions: OROS® hydromorphone (individualized doses) was administered once daily.Main outcome measures: Safety and efficacy (Brief Pain Inventory and patient and investigator global evaluations) were assessed at monthly visits.Results: The median duration of extended OROS® hydromorphone therapy was 274 days. The median daily dose of study medication was 32.0 mg at extension-study baseline, 40.0 mg at month 3, and 48.0 mg at months 6, 9, and 12, respectively. The most frequently reported adverse events were nausea (n = 93, 24.0 percent) and constipation (n = 75, 19.3 percent). The analgesic effects of OROS® hydromorphone, assessed using the Brief Pain Inventory, were maintained throughout the extension. At 12 months, 72.4 percent of patients and 75.9 percent of investigators rated overall treatment as good, very good, or excellent.Conclusions: Once-daily OROS® hydromorphone is an osmotically driven, controlled-release preparation that may be particularly well suited to long-term use, because it provides consistent plasma concentrations and sustained around-the-clock analgesia. In this study, the benefits of OROS® hydromorphone attained in short-term studies were maintained in the long-term when daily administration was continued.

scholarly journals Charms & Harms: Devil's Claw

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Treatment ◽  
Acute Exacerbations ◽  
Long Term Adverse Effects

SUMMARY MESSAGE: There is evidence that Devil’s Claw can be an effective short-term treatment for acute exacerbations of low back pain and, to a lesser extent, in rheumatic and osteoarthritic conditions. Acute adverse effects reported in clinical trials were mild diarrhoea and flatulence. Long-term adverse effects have not been studied. As with all herbal medicines, Devil’s Claw products differ in their pharmaceutical quality, and the implications of this for efficacy and safety should be considered.

scholarly journals Short-term and Long-term Feasibility, Safety, and Efficacy of High-Intensity Interval Training in Cardiac Rehabilitation

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 1382
Author(s):  
Jenna L. Taylor ◽  
David J. Holland ◽  
Shelley E. Keating ◽  
Michael D. Leveritt ◽  
Sjaan R. Gomersall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Rehabilitation ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
High Intensity Interval Training ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
High Intensity Interval
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