scholarly journals Identification of olfactory genes of a forensically important blow fly, Aldrichina grahami (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9581
Author(s):  
Han Han ◽  
Zhuoying Liu ◽  
Fanming Meng ◽  
Yangshuai Jiang ◽  
Jifeng Cai
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptome Sequencing ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Insect Behavior ◽  
Odorant Receptors ◽  
Sequence Feature ◽  
Olfactory Detection ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Odorant Binding ◽  
Transcriptome Level ◽  
Spatial Condition

Background The time-length between the first colonization of necrophagous insect on the corpse and the beginning of investigation represents the most important forensic concept of minimum post-mortem inference (PMImin). Before colonization, the time spent by an insect to detect and locate a corpse could significantly influence the PMImin estimation. The olfactory system plays an important role in insect food foraging behavior. Proteins like odorant binding proteins (OBPs), chemosensory proteins (CSPs), odorant receptors (ORs), ionotropic receptors (IRs) and sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) represent the most important parts of this system. Exploration of the above genes and their necrophagous products should facilitate not only the understanding of their roles in forging but also their influence on the period before PMImin. Transcriptome sequencing has been wildly utilized to reveal the expression of particular genes under different temporal and spatial condition in a high throughput way. In this study, transcriptomic study was implemented on antennae of adult Aldrichina grahami (Aldrich) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), a necrophagous insect with forensic significance, to reveal the composition and expression feature of OBPs, CSPs, ORs, IRs and SNMPs genes at transcriptome level. Method Antennae transcriptome sequencing of A. grahami was performed using next-generation deep sequencing on the platform of BGISEQ-500. The raw data were deposited into NCBI (PRJNA513084). All the transcripts were functionally annotated using Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed between female and male antennae. The transcripts of OBPs, CSPs, ORs, IRs and SNMPs were identified based on sequence feature. Phylogenetic development of olfactory genes of A. grahami with other species was analyzed using MEGA 5.0. RT-qPCR was utilized to verify gene expression generated from the transcriptome sequencing. Results In total, 14,193 genes were annotated in the antennae transcriptome based on the GO and the KEGG databases. We found that 740 DEGs were differently expressed between female and male antennae. Among those, 195 transcripts were annotated as candidate olfactory genes then checked by sequence feature. Of these, 27 OBPs, one CSPs, 49 ORs, six IRs and two SNMPs were finally identified in antennae of A. grahami. Phylogenetic development suggested that some olfactory genes may play a role in food forging, perception of pheromone and decomposing odors. Conclusion Overall, our results suggest the existence of gender and spatial expression differences in olfactory genes from antennae of A. grahami. Such differences are likely to greatly influence insect behavior around a corpse. In addition, candidate olfactory genes with predicted function provide valuable information for further studies of the molecular mechanisms of olfactory detection of forensically important fly species and thus deepen our understanding of the period before PMImin.

scholarly journals Studies on trans-sutural distraction osteogenesis-related genes based on transcriptome sequencing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baicheng Wang ◽  
Hongyu Xue ◽  
Haizhou Tong ◽  
Peiyang Zhang ◽  
Mei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Distraction Osteogenesis ◽  
Transcriptome Sequencing ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Down Regulation ◽  
Important Approach ◽  
Immune Pathways ◽  
Experimental Group

AbstractTrans-sutural distraction osteogenesis (TSDO) is an important approach to improve mid-face hypoplasia. In recent years, many studies have been carried out on physical mechanisms of TSDO; however, it’s specific cytological and molecular mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, we performed transcriptome sequencing analysis in Sprague Dawley rats at 1 and 2 weeks after suture osteogenesis and compared RNA expression levels between experimental and control groups. At one week, enrichment pathways were mainly up-regulated in muscle- and bone-related pathways. By contrast, pathways of the immune system showed a state of inhibition and down-regulation, especially for B cells; the main immune pathways showed significant down-regulation. However, two weeks later, the experimental group showed positive up-regulation of the pathways related to DNA synthesis and replication, cell cycle, and chromosome replication. At the same time, the immune pathways that were down-regulated in the first week were up-regulated in the second week. In other words, the up-regulated muscle- and bone-related pathways show opposite trends. The expression of bone- and myogenesis-related transcriptome was up-regulated and the immune-related pathways were down-regulated in the experimental group at 1 week. At 2 weeks, the pathways related to bone- and muscle were down-regulated, while those related to cell cycle regulation and DNA replication were up-regulated. These results suggest that musculoskeletal-related molecules may play an important role during suture osteogenesis at 1 week, and immune regulation may be involved in this process; however, at 2 weeks, molecules related to cell proliferation and replication may be a major role.

scholarly journals Novel Insights into the Protective Properties of ACTH(4-7)PGP (Semax) Peptide at the Transcriptome Level Following Cerebral Ischaemia–Reperfusion in Rats

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan B. Filippenkov ◽  
Vasily V. Stavchansky ◽  
Alina E. Denisova ◽  
Vadim V. Yuzhakov ◽  
Larisa E. Sevan’kaeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Ischaemia ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Artery Occlusion ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Protective Properties ◽  
Ischaemia Reperfusion ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Transcriptome Level

Cerebral ischaemia is the most common cause of impaired brain function. Biologically active peptides represent potential drugs for reducing the damage that occurs after ischaemia. The synthetic melanocortin derivative, ACTH(4-7)PGP (Semax), has been used successfully in the treatment of patients with severe impairment of cerebral blood circulation. However, its molecular mechanisms of action within the brain are not yet fully understood. Previously, we used the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model to study the damaging effects of ischaemia–reperfusion on the brain transcriptome in rats. Here, using RNA-Seq analysis, we investigated the protective properties of the Semax peptide at the transcriptome level under tMCAO conditions. We have identified 394 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (>1.5-fold change) in the brains of rats at 24 h after tMCAO treated with Semax relative to saline. Following tMCAO, we found that Semax suppressed the expression of genes related to inflammatory processes and activated the expression of genes related to neurotransmission. In contrast, ischaemia–reperfusion alone activated the expression of inflammation-related genes and suppressed the expression of neurotransmission-related genes. Therefore, the neuroprotective action of Semax may be associated with a compensation of mRNA expression patterns that are disrupted during ischaemia–reperfusion conditions.

scholarly journals Transcriptome sequencing of Saccharina japonica sporophytes during whole developmental periods reveals regulatory networks underlying alginate and mannitol biosynthesis

BMC Genomics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhanru Shao ◽  
Pengyan Zhang ◽  
Chang Lu ◽  
Shaoxuan Li ◽  
Zhihang Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptome Sequencing ◽  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Brown Seaweed ◽  
Saccharina Japonica ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
New Genes ◽  
Mannitol Metabolism

Abstract Background Alginate is an important cell wall component and mannitol is a soluble storage carbon substance in the brown seaweed Saccharina japonica. Their contents vary with kelp developmental periods and harvesting time. Alginate and mannitol regulatory networks and molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Results With WGCNA and trend analysis of 20,940 known genes and 4264 new genes produced from transcriptome sequencing of 30 kelp samples from different stages and tissues, we deduced that ribosomal proteins, light harvesting complex proteins and “imm upregulated 3” gene family are closely associated with the meristematic growth and kelp maturity. Moreover, 134 and 6 genes directly involved in the alginate and mannitol metabolism were identified, respectively. Mannose-6-phosphate isomerase (MPI2), phosphomannomutase (PMM1), GDP-mannose 6-dehydrogenase (GMD3) and mannuronate C5-epimerase (MC5E70 and MC5E122) are closely related with the high content of alginate in the distal blade. Mannitol accumulation in the basal blade might be ascribed to high expression of mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (M1PDH1) and mannitol-1-phosphatase (M1Pase) (in biosynthesis direction) and low expression of mannitol-2-dehydrogenase (M2DH) and Fructokinase (FK) (in degradation direction). Oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis provide ATP and NADH for mannitol metabolism whereas glycosylated cycle and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle produce GTP for alginate biosynthesis. RNA/protein synthesis and transportation might affect alginate complex polymerization and secretion processes. Cryptochrome (CRY-DASH), xanthophyll cycle, photosynthesis and carbon fixation influence the production of intermediate metabolite of fructose-6-phosphate, contributing to high content of mannitol in the basal blade. Conclusions The network of co-responsive DNA synthesis, repair and proteolysis are presumed to be involved in alginate polymerization and secretion, while upstream light-responsive reactions are important for mannitol accumulation in meristem of kelp. Our transcriptome analysis provides new insights into the transcriptional regulatory networks underlying the biosynthesis of alginate and mannitol during S. japonica developments.

Identification of odorant-binding protein genes inGaleruca daurica(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and analysis of their expression profiles

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (4) ◽  
pp. 550-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Li ◽  
Y.-T. Zhou ◽  
Y. Tan ◽  
X.-R. Zhou ◽  
B.-P. Pang
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Related Proteins ◽  
Odorant Binding

AbstractOdorant-binding proteins (OBPs) play a fundamental role in insect olfaction. In recent years,Galeruca daurica(Joannis) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) has become one of the most important insect pests in the Inner Mongolian grasslands of China. This pest only feeds on the species ofAlliumplants, implying the central role of olfaction in its search for specific host plants. However, the olfaction-related proteins have not been investigated in this beetle. In this study, we identified 29 putative OBP genes, namely GdauOBP1–29, from the transcriptome database ofG. dauricaassembled in our laboratory by using RNA-Seq. All 29 genes had the full-length open reading frames except GdauOBP29, encoding proteins in length from 119 to 202 amino acids with their predicted molecular weights from 12 to 22 kDa with isoelectric points from 3.88 to 8.84. Predicted signal peptides consisting of 15–22 amino acid residues were found in all except GdauOBP6, GdauOBP13 and GdauOBP29. The amino acid sequence identity between the 29 OBPs ranged 8.33–71.83%. GdauOBP1–12 belongs to the Classic OBPs, while the others belong with the Minus-C OBPs. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that GdauOBPs are the closest to CbowOBPs fromColaphellus bowringi. RT-PCR and qRT-PCR analyses showed that all GdauOBPs were expressed in adult antennae, 11 of which with significant differences in their expression levels between males and females. Most GdauOBPs were also expressed in adult heads (without antennae), thoraxes, abdomens, legs and wings. Moreover, the expression levels of the GdauOBPs varied during the different development stages ofG. dauricawith most GdauOBPs expressed highly in the adult antennae but scarcely in eggs and pupae. These results provide insights for further research on the molecular mechanisms of chemical communications inG. daurica.

scholarly journals Microevolution During Serial Mouse Passage Demonstrates FRE3 as a Virulence Adaptation Gene in Cryptococcus neoformans

mBio ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guowu Hu ◽  
Shu Hui Chen ◽  
Jin Qiu ◽  
John E. Bennett ◽  
Timothy G. Myers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
Transcriptome Sequencing ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Reductase Activity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Time To Death ◽  
Expression Studies ◽  
Iron Reductase

ABSTRACTPassage in mice of opportunistic pathogens such asCryptococcus neoformansis known to increase virulence, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved in virulence adaptation. Serial mouse passage of nine environmental strains of serotype AC. neoformansidentified two highly adapted virulent strains that showed a 4-fold reduction in time to death after four passages. Transcriptome sequencing expression studies demonstrated increased expression of aFRE3-encoded iron reductase in the two strains but not in a control strain that did not demonstrate increased virulence during mouse passage.FRE3was shown to express an iron reductase activity and to play a role in iron-dependent growth ofC. neoformans. Overexpression ofFRE3in the two original environmental strains increased growth in the macrophage cell line J774.16 and increased virulence. These data demonstrate a role forFRE3in the virulence ofC. neoformansand demonstrate how the increased expression of such a “virulence acquisition gene” during the environment-to-mammal transition, can optimize the virulence of environmental strains in mammalian hosts.IMPORTANCECryptococcus neoformansis a significant global fungal pathogen that also resides in the environment. Recent studies have suggested that the organism may undergo microevolution in the host. However, little is known about the permitted genetic changes facilitating the adaptation of environmental strains to mammalian hosts. The present studies subjected environmental strains isolated from several metropolitan areas of the United States to serial passages in mice. Transcriptome sequencing expression studies identified the increased expression of an iron reductase gene,FRE3, in two strains that adapted in mice to become highly virulent, and overexpression ofFRE3recapitulated the increased virulence after mouse passage. Iron reductase in yeast is important to iron uptake in a large number of microbial pathogens. These studies demonstrate the capacity ofC. neoformansto show reproducible changes in the expression levels of small numbers of genes termed “virulence adaptation genes” to effectively increase pathogenicity during the environment-to-mammal transition.

scholarly journals Ginkgo biloba L. Responds to Red and Blue Light: Via Phenylpropanoid and Flavonoid Biosynthesis Pathway

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1079
Author(s):  
Lei Zhang ◽  
Gaiping Wang ◽  
Guibin Wang ◽  
Fuliang Cao
Keyword(s):  
Blue Light ◽  
Ginkgo Biloba ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Transcriptome Sequencing ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Light Quality ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Sequencing Analysis

Light quality is a key environmental factor affecting plant growth and development. In this study, RNA-seq technology was used to explore the molecular mechanisms of ginkgo metabolism under different monochromatic lights. Leaves were used for transcriptome sequencing analysis after being irradiated by red, blue, and white LED lights. After treatment, 2040 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed that the DEGs were annotated into 49 terms. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed that 736 DEGs were enriched in 100 metabolic pathways, and 13 metabolic pathways were significantly enriched, especially ‘phenylpropanoid biosynthesis’ and ‘flavonoid biosynthesis’. Further analysis of DEGs expression in the two pathways showed that Ginkgo biloba adapts to blue light mainly by promoting the expression of GbFLS to synthesize quercetin, kaempferol, and myncetin, and adapts to red light by promoting the expression of GbDFR to synthesize leucocyanidin. Nine DEGs were randomly selected for qRT-PCR verification, and the gene expression results were consistent with that of transcriptome sequencing. In conclusion, this study is the first to explore the molecular mechanism of ginkgo in response to different monochromatic lights, and it will lay a foundation for the research and application of light quality in the cultivation of leaf-use G. biloba.

scholarly journals Didelphis albiventris: an overview of an unprecedented transcriptome sequencing of the white-eared opossum

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Íria Gabriela Dias dos Santos ◽  
Tiago Antônio de Oliveira Mendes ◽  
Gerluza Aparecida Borges Silva ◽  
Amanda Maria Sena Reis ◽  
Cláudia Barros Monteiro Vitorello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Limb Development ◽  
Transcriptome Sequencing ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Go Annotation ◽  
Development And Differentiation ◽  
Marsupial Species ◽  
Didelphis Albiventris

Abstract Background The white-eared opossum (Didelphis albiventris) is widely distributed throughout Brazil and South America. They have been used as animal models to study different aspects in science, from the restoration of degraded green areas to medical aspects of the Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and resistance against snake venom. As a marsupial, D. albiventris can also aid the comprehension of the molecular mechanisms that govern the different stages of organogenesis, as their joeys are born after only 13 days, depending on placentation, and the final stages of organogenesis occurs when the neonates are inside the pouch, depending on lactation. As the genome of this opossum species, and/or its transcriptome, had not been completely sequenced yet, the use of D. albiventris as an animal model is limited. In this work, we have sequenced the D. albiventris transcriptome, by RNA-seq, to obtain the first catalogue of differentially expressed genes (DE) and gene ontology (GO) annotation during the neonatal stages of the marsupial development. Results The D. albiventris transcriptome was obtained from whole neonates harvested at birth (P0), at five days old (P5) and ten days old (P10). The de novo assembly of these transcripts allowed us to obtain 85,338 transcripts. Only ~30% of these transcripts could be mapped against M. domestica genome, the closest phylogenetic relative with available nucleotide sequences. Among the expressed transcripts, 2,077 were found to be DE between P0 and P5, 13,780 between P0 and P10, and 1,453 between P5 and P10. Enriched GO terms were mainly related to immune system, blood tissue development and differentiation, vision, hearing, digestion, CNS and limb development. Conclusions The unveiling of opossum transcriptomes provides an out-group to better understand the distinct characteristics associated with the evolution of mammalian species. Nevertheless, this is the first transcriptome sequencing and available catalogue of genes of a marsupial species at different neonatal stages, allowing the study of mechanisms involved in the organogenesis.

scholarly journals Contribution of odorant binding proteins to olfactory detection of (Z)-11-hexadecenal in Helicoverpa armigera

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Guo ◽  
Ping-Ping Guo ◽  
Ya-Lan Sun ◽  
Ling-Qiao Huang ◽  
Chen-Zhu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Helicoverpa Armigera ◽  
Binding Proteins ◽  
Supporting Cells ◽  
Odorant Binding Proteins ◽  
Sensilla Trichodea ◽  
Helicoverpa Armígera ◽  
Olfactory Detection ◽  
Receptor Neurons ◽  
Pheromone Binding Proteins ◽  
Odorant Binding

AbstractHelicoverpa armigera utilizes (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16:Ald) as its major sex pheromone component. Three pheromone binding proteins (PBPs) and two general odorant binding proteins (GOBPs) are abundantly expressed in male antennae of H. armigera. However, their precise roles in the olfactory detection of Z11-16:Ald remain enigmatic. To answer this question, we first synthesized the antibody against HarmOR13, a pheromone receptor (PR) primarily responding to Z11-16:Ald and mapped the local associations between PBPs / GOBPs and HarmOR13. Immunostaining showed that HarmPBPs and HarmGOBPs were localized in the supporting cells of sensilla trichodea and sensilla basiconica respectively. In particular, HarmPBP1 and HarmPBP2 were colocalized in the cells surrounding the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) expressing HarmOR13. Next, using two noninterfering binary expression tools, we heterologously expressed HarmPBP1, HarmPBP2 and HarmOR13 in Drosophila T1 sensilla to validate the functional interplay between PBPs and HarmOR13. We found that the addition of HarmPBP1 or HarmPBP2 significantly increased the sensitivity of HarmOR13 to Z11-16:Ald. However, the presence of either HarmPBP1 or HarmPBP2 was ineffective to change the tuning breadth of HarmOR13. Taken together, our results support the idea that PBPs are contributors to the peripheral olfactory sensitivity but do not affect the selectivity. Lastly, we discovered that HarmOR13 and the Drosophila OR67d employed a similar coding mechanism to detect pheromones, suggesting that pheromone detection across different insect orders appears to co-opt a conserved molecular principle to recognize pheromone ligands.

scholarly journals Transcriptome analysis of immature xylem in Chinese fir at different developmental phases

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunxing Zhang ◽  
Xiaojiao Han ◽  
Jian Sang ◽  
Xuelian he ◽  
Mingying Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Transcriptome Sequencing ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Chinese Fir ◽  
Nac Transcription Factors ◽  
Transcriptome Variation ◽  
Developmental Phases

Background: Chinese fir [Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb .) Hook.], is one of the most important native tree species for timber production in southern China. An understanding of overall fast growing stage, stem growth stage and senescence stage cambium transcriptome variation is lacking. We used transcriptome sequencing to identify the repertoire of genes expressed during development of xylem tissue in Chinese fir, aiming to delineate the molecular mechanisms of wood formation. Results: We carried out transcriptome sequencing at three different cultivation ages (7Y, 15Y and 21Y) generating 68.71 million reads (13.88 Gbp). A total of 140,486 unigenes with a mean size of 568.64 base pairs (bp) were obtained via de novo assembly. Of these, 27,427 unigenes (19.52%) were further annotated by comparison to public protein databases. A total of 5,331 (3.79%) unigenes were mapped into 118 pathways by searching against the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Pathway database (KEGG). Differentially expressed genes (DEG) analysis identified 3, 16 and 5,899 DEGs from the comparison of 7Y vs. 15Y, 7Y vs. 21Y and 15Y vs. 21Y, respectively, in the immature xylem tissues, including 2,638 significantly up-regulated and 3,280 significantly down-regulated genes. Besides, five NAC transcription factors, 190 MYB transcription factors, and 34 WRKY transcription factors were identified respectively from Chinese fir transcriptome. Conclusion: Our results revealed the active transcriptional pathways and identified the DEGs at different cultivation phases of Chinese fir wood formation. This transcriptome dataset will aid in understanding and carrying out future studies on the molecular basis of Chinese fir wood formation and contribute to future artificial production and applications.

scholarly journals Defining the activation profile and fate trajectory of adult Scleraxis-lineage cells during tendon healing by combining lineage tracing and spatial transcriptomics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica E Ackerman ◽  
Katherine T Best ◽  
Samantha N Muscat ◽  
Chia-Lung Wu ◽  
Alayna E Loiselle
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Tendon Repair ◽  
Tendon Healing ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Healing Time ◽  
Lineage Tracing ◽  
Repair Site ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

The tendon healing process is regulated by the coordinated interaction of multiple cell types and molecular processes. However, these processes are not well-defined leading to a paucity of therapeutic approaches to enhance tendon healing. Scleraxis-lineage (ScxLin) cells are the major cellular component of adult tendon and make time-dependent contributions to the healing process. Prior work from our lab and others suggests heterogeneity within the broader ScxLin population over the course of tendon healing; therefore delineating the temporal and spatial contributions of these cells is critical to understanding and improving the healing process. In the present study we utilize lineage tracing of the adult ScxLin population to determine whether these cells undergo cellular activation and subsequent myofibroblast differentiation, which is associated with both proper healing and fibrotic progression in many tissues. We show that adult ScxLin cells undergo transient activation in the organized cellular bridge at the tendon repair site, contribute to the formation of an organized neo-tendon, and contribute to a persistent myofibroblast population in the native tendon stubs. The mechanisms dictating this highly specialized spatial response are unknown. We therefore utilized spatial transcriptomics to better define the spatio-molecular program of tendon healing. Integrated transcriptomic analyses across the healing time-course identifies five distinct molecular regions, including key interactions between the inflammatory bridging tissue and highly reactive tendon tissue at the repair site, with adult ScxLin cells being a central player in the transition from native tendon to reactive, remodeling tendon. Collectively, these data provide important insights into both the role of adult ScxLin cells during healing as well as the molecular mechanisms that underpin and coordinate the temporal and spatial healing phenotype, which can be leveraged to enhance the healing process.

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