scholarly journals Effects of temperature on metabolic scaling in black carp

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9242
Author(s):  
Qian Li ◽  
Xiaoling Zhu ◽  
Wei Xiong ◽  
Yanqiu Zhu ◽  
Jianghui Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Scaling Exponent ◽  
Surface Boundary ◽  
Metabolic Scaling ◽  
Black Carp ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

The surface area (SA) of organs and cells may vary with temperature, which changes the SA exchange limitation on metabolic flows as well as the influence of temperature on metabolic scaling. The effect of SA change can intensify (when the effect is the same as that of temperature) or compensate for (when the effect is the opposite of that of temperature) the negative effects of temperature on metabolic scaling, which can result in multiple patterns of metabolic scaling with temperature among species. The present study aimed to examine whether metabolic scaling in black carp changes with temperature and to identify the link between metabolic scaling and SA at the organ and cellular levels at different temperatures. The resting metabolic rate (RMR), gill surface area (GSA) and red blood cell (RBC) size of black carp with different body masses were measured at 10 °C and 25 °C, and the scaling exponents of these parameters were compared. The results showed that both body mass and temperature independently affected the RMR, GSA and RBC size of black carp. A consistent scaling exponent of RMR (0.764, 95% CI [0.718–0.809]) was obtained for both temperatures. The RMR at 25 °C was 2.7 times higher than that at 10 °C. At both temperatures, the GSA scaled consistently with body mass by an exponent of 0.802 (95% CI [0.759–0.846]), while RBC size scaled consistently with body mass by an exponent of 0.042 (95% CI [0.010–0.075]). The constant GSA scaling can explain the constant metabolic scaling as temperature increases, as metabolism may be constrained by fluxes across surfaces. The GSA at 10 °C was 1.2 times higher than that at 25 °C, which suggests that the constraints of GSA on the metabolism of black carp is induced by the higher temperature. The RBC size at 10 °C was 1.1 times higher than that at 25 °C. The smaller RBC size (a larger surface-to-volume ratio) at higher temperature suggests an enhanced oxygen supply and a reduced surface boundary limit on bR, which offset the negative effect of temperature on bR.

scholarly journals Temperature effects on metabolic scaling of a keystone freshwater crustacean depend on fish-predation regime

2020 ◽  
Vol 223 (21) ◽  
pp. jeb232322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas S. Glazier ◽  
Jeffrey P. Gring ◽  
Jacob R. Holsopple ◽  
Vojsava Gjoni
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Scaling Exponent ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Metabolic Scaling ◽  
Physical Constraints ◽  
Habitat Differences ◽  
Fish Predators

ABSTRACTAccording to the metabolic theory of ecology, metabolic rate, an important indicator of the pace of life, varies with body mass and temperature as a result of internal physical constraints. However, various ecological factors may also affect metabolic rate and its scaling with body mass. Although reports of such effects on metabolic scaling usually focus on single factors, the possibility of significant interactive effects between multiple factors requires further study. In this study, we show that the effect of temperature on the ontogenetic scaling of resting metabolic rate of the freshwater amphipod Gammarus minus depends critically on habitat differences in predation regime. Increasing temperature tends to cause decreases in the metabolic scaling exponent (slope) in population samples from springs with fish predators, but increases in population samples from springs without fish. Accordingly, the temperature sensitivity of metabolic rate is not only size-specific, but also its relationship to body size shifts dramatically in response to fish predators. We hypothesize that the dampened effect of temperature on the metabolic rate of large adults in springs with fish, and of small juveniles in springs without fish are adaptive evolutionary responses to differences in the relative mortality risk of adults and juveniles in springs with versus without fish predators. Our results demonstrate a complex interaction among metabolic rate, body mass, temperature and predation regime. The intraspecific scaling of metabolic rate with body mass and temperature is not merely the result of physical constraints related to internal body design and biochemical kinetics, but rather is ecologically sensitive and evolutionarily malleable.

Studies on the Toxicity of insecticide Films. II.—Effect of Temperature on the Toxicity of DDT Films

1949 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Pradhan
Keyword(s):  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Insecticidal Action ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Insect Activity ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Toxicity Relationship ◽  
The Relationship

1. A series of exploratory experiments on the relationship between temperature and toxicity of DDT films to adults of Tribolium castaneum, and larvae of Plutella maculipennis, are described. The main conclusions with T. castaneum are:—(a) When the insects are continuously kept on the film at different temperatures there is a higher kill at higher temperatures.(b) When the insects are exposed to the film for about 24 hours at the same temperature and then kept away from it at different temperatures there is a higher kill at the lower temperature.(c) When the insects are kept on the film at different temperatures for about 24 hours and then kept away from the film for reaction at the same temperature, there is a higher kill in those kept on the film at the higher temperature.(a) and (b) above apply equally to larvae of P. maculipennis but (c) is reversed. The probable cause of this reversal appears to be the observed fact that at higher temperatures these larvae cover the film with much more silk thread and thus avoid contact to a greater extent than at lower temperatures.2. A review of literature, in the light of the conclusions arrived at, indicate that many of the observations made upon the temperature-toxicity relationship can be accounted for by the following generalisations:—(a) Insect resistance to poisons changes with temperature as do its other vital activities, increasing up to a critical degree and afterwards declining.(b) The amount of poison reaching the site of action in unit time also varies with the temperature, generally but not always, increasing with its rise. Insect activity, especially locomotor and respiratory, may play an important part in these effects.(c) The apparent effects of temperature on insecticidal action is the combination of these two factors, namely, resistance and pick-up.

Dimensional analysis does not determine a mass exponent for metabolic scaling

1987 ◽  
Vol 253 (1) ◽  
pp. R195-R199 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Butler ◽  
H. A. Feldman ◽  
J. J. Fredberg
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Analysis ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Recent Article ◽  
Scaling Exponent ◽  
Metabolic Scaling ◽  
Mass Scaling ◽  
The Relationship

In several recent article, Heusner used dimensional reasoning to derive important biological conclusions regarding the scaling of metabolism with body mass [Respir. Physiol. 48: 13-25, 1982; J. Appl. Physiol. 54: 867-873, 1983; Am. J. Physiol. 246 (Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 15): R839-R845, 1984]. We demonstrate errors in the derivation and show that dimensional analysis, correctly applied, not only fails to determine the mass scaling exponent but also fails to constrain the relationship to a power law at all.

scholarly journals Fast ontogenetic growth drives steep evolutionary scaling of metabolic rate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tommy Norin
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fish Larvae ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Scaling Exponent ◽  
Natural Mortality ◽  
Metabolic Scaling ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Scaling Relationship ◽  
Selection For

Metabolic rate (MR) changes with body mass (BM) as MR = aBMb, where a is a normalisation constant (log–log intercept) and b the scaling exponent (log–log slope). This scaling relationship is fundamental to biology and widely applied, yet a century of research has provided little consensus on why and how steeply metabolic rate scales with body mass. I here show that ontogenetic (within-individual) b can be strongly and positively related to growth rates of juvenile fish when food availability is naturally restricted, with fast growing individuals having steep and near-isometric metabolic scaling (b ≈ 1). I suggest that the steep evolutionary (among-species) scaling also found for fishes (b also approaching 1) is a by-product of natural selection for these fast growing individuals early in ontogeny, and that a weaker relationship between metabolic scaling and growth later in life causes variation in b at lower taxonomic levels (within orders or species). I support these ideas by showing that b within fish orders is linked to natural mortality rates of fish larvae.

Mechanical Evaluation of Thermal Transitions in Polymer Nanofibres Using SPM

2007 ◽  
Vol 1025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Wang ◽  
Shuangwu Li ◽  
Asa H. Barber
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Scanning Probe Microscopy ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Scanning Probe ◽  
Thermal Transitions ◽  
Small Fibre ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

AbstractPolymer nanofibres produced by electrospinning techniques have unique mechanical properties due to their large surface area to volume ratio and potentially high molecular orientation. The effects of temperature on mechanical properties is challenging to measure due to the small fibre diameters produced. In this paper, scanning probe microscopy (SPM) is successfully used to elucidate the mechanical performance of individual electrospun polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibres over a range of temperatures. As observed in the results, thermal transitions have a dramatic effect on the mechanical behaviour of the nanofibres and are highlighted using SPM techniques analogous to dynamic mechanical thermal analysis but at the nanoscale. Interestingly, nanofibre thermal transitions are shown to be mediated by fibre diameter and the driving force of reducing the surface area of the nanofibre.

scholarly journals Shape shifting predicts ontogenetic changes in metabolic scaling in diverse aquatic invertebrates

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1802) ◽  
pp. 20142302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas S. Glazier ◽  
Andrew G. Hirst ◽  
David Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Aquatic Invertebrates ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Scaling Theory ◽  
Routine Metabolic Rate ◽  
Scaling Exponent ◽  
Power Scaling ◽  
Metabolic Scaling ◽  
Ontogenetic Shifts ◽  
Metabolic Scaling Theory

Metabolism fuels all biological activities, and thus understanding its variation is fundamentally important. Much of this variation is related to body size, which is commonly believed to follow a 3/4-power scaling law. However, during ontogeny, many kinds of animals and plants show marked shifts in metabolic scaling that deviate from 3/4-power scaling predicted by general models. Here, we show that in diverse aquatic invertebrates, ontogenetic shifts in the scaling of routine metabolic rate from near isometry ( b R = scaling exponent approx. 1) to negative allometry ( b R < 1), or the reverse, are associated with significant changes in body shape (indexed by b L = the scaling exponent of the relationship between body mass and body length). The observed inverse correlations between b R and b L are predicted by metabolic scaling theory that emphasizes resource/waste fluxes across external body surfaces, but contradict theory that emphasizes resource transport through internal networks. Geometric estimates of the scaling of surface area (SA) with body mass ( b A ) further show that ontogenetic shifts in b R and b A are positively correlated. These results support new metabolic scaling theory based on SA influences that may be applied to ontogenetic shifts in b R shown by many kinds of animals and plants.

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