scholarly journals Neck mobility in the Jurassic plesiosaur Cryptoclidus eurymerus: finite element analysis as a new approach to understanding the cervical skeleton in fossil vertebrates

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e7658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja Wintrich ◽  
René Jonas ◽  
Hans-Joachim Wilke ◽  
Lars Schmitz ◽  
P. Martin Sander
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
The Body ◽  
Late Triassic ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Stiff Neck ◽  
Lateral Deflection ◽  
Motion Segment ◽  
Maximum Angle ◽  
Neck Mobility

The sauropterygian clade Plesiosauria arose in the Late Triassic and survived to the very end of the Cretaceous. Plesiosauria evolved the greatest species diversity of any marine reptile clade, attaining a global distribution. Plesiosauria consist of two clades, Rhomaleosauridae and Neoplesiosauria. Basal Neoplesiosauria have long necks with at least 30 cervicals, but show qualitative osteological evidence for a stiff neck. Here we quantify neck mobility in lateral, ventral, and dorsal directions based on finite element modeling of neck vertebrae from the Middle Jurassic plesiosaur Cryptoclidus eurymerus. We model the mobility in a single motion segment, consisting of two adjacent cervical vertebrae and the joints connecting them. Based on the model with a maximum intervertebral spacing of 3 mm, we find that in Cryptoclidus, the maximum angle of lateral deflection in the motion segment was 2°. The maximum angle of ventral deflection was 5° and of dorsal deflection was 5°. When these values are multiplied by the number of cervical vertebrae, it becomes apparent that neck mobility was limited in all directions. The maximum angle of total lateral deflection in the neck was 67°. The maximum angle of total ventral deflection was 148° and of total dorsal deflection was 157°. This raises the question of the function of such a long, multi-segment but immobile neck. We posit that the long neck served in hydrodynamic and visual camouflage, hiding the bulk of the body from the small but abundant prey, such as schooling fish and squid. Neck immobility may have been advantageous in withstanding strong hydrodynamic forces acting on the neck during predatory strikes.

Rigid-Plastic Finite Element Simulation of Cold Forging and Sheet Metal Forming by Eulerian Meshing Method

2014 ◽  
Vol 970 ◽  
pp. 177-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Chiet Cheong ◽  
Heng Keong Kam ◽  
Chan Chin Wang ◽  
Ying Pio Lim
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Large Deformation ◽  
Sheet Metal ◽  
Metal Forming ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cold Forging ◽  
Rigid Plastic ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Linear Solution

A computational technique of rigid-plastic finite element method by using the Eulerian meshing method was developed to deal with large deformation problem in metal forming by replacing the conventional way of applying complicated remeshing schemes when using the Lagrange’s elements. During metal forming process, a workpiece normally undergoes large deformation and causes severe distortion of elements in finite element analysis. The distorted element may lead to instability in numerical calculation and divergence of non-linear solution in finite element analysis. With Eulerian elements, the initial elements are generated to fix into a specified analytical region with particles implanted as markers to form the body of a workpiece. The particles are allowed to flow between the elements after each deformation step to show the deforming pattern of material. Four types of cold forging and sheet metal clinching were conducted to investigate the effectiveness of the presented method. The proposed method is found to be effective by comparing the results on dimension of the final product, material flow behaviour and punch load versus stroke obtained from simulation and experiment.

An Improved Control Arm Design for a Commercial Vehicle

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinan Yıldırım ◽  
Ufuk Çoban ◽  
Mehmet Çevik
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
The Body ◽  
Von Mises Stress ◽  
Driving Safety ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Von Mises

Suspension linkages are one of the fundamental structural elements in each vehicle since they connect the wheel carriers i.e. axles to the body of the vehicle. Moreover, the characteristics of suspension linkages within a suspension system can directly affect driving safety, comfort and economics. Beyond these, all these design criteria are bounded to the package space of the vehicle. In last decades, suspension linkages have been focused on in terms of design development and cost reduction. In this study, a control arm of a diesel public bus was taken into account in order to get the most cost-effective design while improving the strength within specified boundary conditions. Due to the change of the supplier, the control arm of a rigid axle was redesigned to find an economical and more durable solution. The new design was analyzed first by the finite element analysis software Ansys and the finite element model of the control arm was validated by physical tensile tests. The outputs of the study demonstrate that the new design geometry reduces the maximum Von Mises stress 15% while being within the elastic region of the material in use and having found an economical solution in terms of supplier’s criteria.

The Evaluation of Failure Pressure for Corrosion Defects Within Girth or Seam Weld in Transmission Pipelines

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young-pyo Kim ◽  
Woo-sik Kim ◽  
Young-kwang Lee ◽  
Kyu-hwan Oh
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Limit Load ◽  
The Body ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Burst Test ◽  
Corrosion Defect ◽  
Seam Weld ◽  
Failure Assessment ◽  
Corrosion Defects

The failure assessment for corroded pipeline has been considered with the burst test and the finite element analysis. The burst tests were conducted on 762mm diameter, 17.5mm wall thickness and API 5L X65 pipe that contained specially manufactured rectangular corrosion defect. The failure pressures for corroded pipeline have been measured by burst testing and classified with respect to corrosion sizes and corroded regions — the body, the girth weld and the seam weld of pipe. Finite element analysis was carried out to derive failure criteria of corrosion defect within the body, the girth weld and the seam weld of the pipe. A series of finite element analyses were performed to obtain a limit load solution for corrosion defects on the basis of burst test. As a result, the criteria for failure assessment of corrosion defect within the body, the girth weld and the seam weld of API 5L X65 gas pipeline were proposed.

Finite Element Analysis and Optimization of S1110 Diesel Engine Body

2012 ◽  
Vol 268-270 ◽  
pp. 837-840
Author(s):  
Sen Zhao ◽  
Xiao Hui Cao
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Cylinder Liner ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Cast Aluminum ◽  
Optimization Scheme ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Stiffness Analysis ◽  
Structural Intensity

In order to reduce the mass ratio of S1110 diesel engine, structural intensity and stiffness analysis are performed on the assembly parts of engine body by using the finite element method. Through comparative analysis of more than one calculation scheme, optimization scheme has been got. To ensure the intensity and stiffness of the engine body is not reduced under the premise, optimization scheme makes the body mass greatly reduced from the original engine body’s 38kg to 13.8kg and the engine mass ratio is reduced from 13.2kg/kW to 11.81kg/kW. The results show that, changing the body material from cast iron materials to cast aluminum materials, the body stress distribution trends are similar, but the cast aluminum body deformation increases; increasing the number of cylinder head bolts to 6 can reduce the deformation of the cylinder liner; a reasonable set of stiffeners can reduce the bearing bore deformation.

The function(s) of bone ornamentation in the crocodylomorph osteoderms: a biomechanical model based on a finite element analysis

Paleobiology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 182-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Clarac ◽  
Florent Goussard ◽  
Vivian de Buffrénil ◽  
Vittorio Sansalone
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Stress Distribution ◽  
Von Mises Stress ◽  
Late Triassic ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Apical Surface ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Von Mises

AbstractThis paper aims at assessing the influence of the bone ornamentation and, specifically, the associated loss of bone mass on the mechanical response of the crocodylomorph osteoderms. To this end, we have performed three-dimensional (3D) modeling and a finite element analysis on a sample that includes both extant dry bones and well-preserved fossils tracing back to the Late Triassic. We simulated an external attack under various angles on the apical surface of each osteoderm and further repeated the simulation on an equivalent set of smoothed 3D-modeled osteoderms. The comparative results indicated that the presence of an apical sculpture has no significant influence on the von Mises stress distribution in the osteoderm volume, although it produces a slight increase in its numerical score. Moreover, performing parametric analyses, we showed that the Young's modulus of the osteoderm, which may vary depending on the bone porosity, the collagen fiber orientation, or the calcification density, has no impact on the von Mises stress distribution inside the osteoderm volume. As the crocodylomorph bone ornamentation is continuously remodeled by pit resorption and secondary bone deposition, we assume that the apical sculpture may be the outcome of a trade-off between the bone mechanical resistance and the involvement in physiological functions. These physiological functions are indeed based on the setup of a bone superficial vessel network and/or the recurrent release of mineral elements into the plasma: heat transfers during basking and respiratory acidosis buffering during prolonged apnea in neosuchians and teleosaurids; compensatory homeostasis in response to general calcium deficiencies. On a general morphological basis, the osteoderm geometric variability within our sample leads us to assess that the global osteoderm geometry (whether square or rectangular) does not influence the von Mises stress, whereas the presence of a dorsal keel would somewhat reduce the stress along the vertical axis.

Study of the Thermal-Structural Behavior of a Piston Diesel With Gallery Through Finite Element Method

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Manuel Avila Aguilar ◽  
Raul Lesso Arroyo ◽  
Jorge Martínez Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Heat Flow ◽  
Interaction Analysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Field Analysis ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element Software ◽  
Piston Head ◽  
The Finite Element Analysis

The finite element analysis is a useful tool to investigate the behavior of a body subjected to different loads. The objective of this work was the analysis of an aluminum diesel piston provided with a cooling gallery, Cu-Zn bushings, and a Ni-resist insert. This piston is used in 1.9 L turbodiesel engines. The investigation was undertaken in order to observe the mechanical behavior of the piston at the operating temperatures and pressures and thus to study the performance of the different parts of the piston. The analysis was performed using a finite element software, taking into account a coupled field analysis and involving a fluid passing through the cooling gallery, temperature and pressure at the piston head which resulted in heat flow and thermo-mechanical stresses in the piston. According to the obtained results, it is worth noting the important role of Cu-Zn bushings in the piston as they support the highest stress of about 359 MPa and protect the piston against failure, and these bushings are able to support more stress that the body of the piston (aluminum yield stress limit 290 MPa). Also it is observed that the cooling gallery acts as a thermal barrier by preventing the heat flow from the head piston (approximately 213 ° C) toward the piston body (approximately 80 ° C). Another important aspect is the structural thermal interaction analysis and it can be observed the influence of high temperatures in the piston, increasing stress up to 100%. Finally it was concluded that the piston is able to withstand the operating pressures and temperatures.

Finite Element Analysis of Buckling of Arteries With Aneurysms

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avione Northcutt ◽  
Hai-Chao Han
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
The Body ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Arterial Tortuosity ◽  
Dangerous Condition ◽  
Cerebrovascular Symptoms

Tortuosity of arteries occurs when a normally straight artery starts to take on a twisted path. This is often referred to as tortuosity and kinking of arteries. This phenomenon occurs in arteries throughout the body including the aorta and cerebral [1, 2]. Arterial tortuosity is a potentially dangerous condition that can lead to cerebrovascular symptoms, ischemia, and stroke [3].

Finite Element Simulation for Forging Process Using Euler’s Fixed Meshing Method

2008 ◽  
Vol 575-578 ◽  
pp. 1139-1144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chan Chin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Method ◽  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Large Deformation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Rigid Plastic ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Forging Process ◽  
Deformation Problem ◽  
Element Method

A simulator based on rigid-plastic finite element method is developed for simulating the plastic flow of material in forging processes. In the forging process likes backward extrusion, a workpiece normally undergoes large deformation around the tool corners that causes severe distortion of elements in finite element analysis. Since the distorted elements may induce instability of numerical calculation and divergence of nonlinear solution in finite element analysis, a computational technique of using the Euler’s fixed meshing method is proposed to deal with large deformation problem by replacing the conventional way of applying complicated remeshing schemes when using the Lagrange’s elements. With this method, the initial elements are generated to fix into a specified analytical region with particles implanted as markers to form the body of a workpiece. The particles are allowed to flow between the elements after each deformation step to show the deforming pattern of material. The proposed method is found to be effective in simulating complicated material flow inside die cavity which has many sharp edges, and also the extrusion of relatively slender parts like fins. In this paper, the formulation of rigid-plastic finite element method based on plasticity theory for slightly compressible material is introduced, and the advantages of the proposed method as compared to conventional one are discussed.

scholarly journals Finite Element Analysis of Tibia Bone Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 4607-4610
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Static Load ◽  
The Body ◽  
Applied Force ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Bone Model ◽  
Tibia Bone ◽  
Below The Knee

In this Paper tibia bone is generated and analyzed using finite element method by applying static load on it and various stress concentrated regions in tibia bone is identified and analyzed for stresses at various locations by taking Von Misses stress and displacement. The body of the human being consists of many bones and muscles and many instances, the application of different loads leads to the damage in the bone. So it is necessary to evaluate the effect of applied loads on the bone of human body. In most of the cases whole body weight is carried by the tibia bone which is below the knee roll. So it’s necessary to estimate the strength of the tibia bone to carry the body weight. The behavior of the tibia bone under dynamic and static load is necessary for the orthopedic doctors during the treatment of ankle trauma and fractures, but in this paper the study is limited to only static and find out the aspects like Von Misses stress and displacement of tibia bone model under different forces of 800N, 810N, 820N &830N and from the result its understood that both Von Misses stress and displacement are directly proportional to the applied force and the value of Von misses stress in result is less than the maximum value i.e 18MPa for calcium, hence its concluded that generated bone model can withstand the applied force in the range of 800 to 850N

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