scholarly journals Considerations for studying transmission of antimicrobial resistant enteric bacteria between wild birds and the environment on intensive dairy and beef cattle operations

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e6460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin Tormoehlen ◽  
Yvette J. Johnson-Walker ◽  
Emily W. Lankau ◽  
Maung San Myint ◽  
John A. Herrmann
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Control Site ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Bird Feces ◽  
Beef Farm

Background Wild birds using livestock facilities for food and shelter may contribute to dissemination of enteric pathogens or antimicrobial resistant bacteria. However, drivers of microbial exchange among wildlife and livestock are not well characterized. Predisposition for acquiring and retaining environmental bacteria may vary among species because of physiologic or behavioral differences, complicating selection of a bacterial model that can accurately characterize microbial connections among hosts of interest. This study compares the prevalence and antibiotic resistance phenotypes of two potential model bacterial organisms isolated from wild birds and their environments. Methods We compared prevalence and resistance profiles of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus species isolated from environmental swabs and bird feces on a residential control site, a confinement dairy, a pasture-based beef farm, and a confinement beef farm. Results Bird feces at all sites had low-to-moderate prevalence of Escherichia coli (range: 17–47%), despite potential for exposure on farms (range: 63–97%). Few Escherichia coli were isolated from the control environment. Enterococcus faecalis was dominant in birds at both beef farms (62% and 81% of Enterococcus isolates) and low-to-moderately prevalent at the dairy and control sites (29% and 23% of isolates, respectively). Antimicrobial resistance prevalence was higher in farm samples compared to those from the residential control, but distribution of resistant isolates varied between the bacterial genera. Birds on all farms carried resistant Enterococcus at similar rates to that of the environment, but resistance was less common in bird-associated Escherichia coli despite presence of resistant isolates in the farm environment. Discussion Bacterial species studied may affect how readily bacterial exchange among populations is detected. Selection of microbial models must carefully consider both the questions being posed and how findings might influence resulting management decisions.

scholarly journals Prevalence and molecular characteristics of multi-resistant Escherichia coli in wild birds

2018 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Merkeviciene ◽  
Irena Klimiene ◽  
Rita Siugzdiniene ◽  
Marius Virgailis ◽  
Raimundas Mockeliunas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Potential Hazard ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Mute Swans

Humans and animals share the same bacterial species including the resistant ones. For that reason, epidemiological studies in domestic and wild animals should be performed on a regular basis. Wild, particularly migratory birds, should be investigated as potential carriers of antimicrobial resistant bacteria that can be spread globally in a short time. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and to characterize multi-resistant Escherichia coli in wild birds. Three hundred and ninety two samples were obtained from different bird species including gulls (Larus spp.), mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), mute swans (Cygnus olor), as well as other species of birds. Phenotypical and genotypical resistance of E. coli was investigated. In total 60 isolates from 179 tested were resistant to three or more antimicrobial classes and treated as multi-resistant (33.5%; 95% CI 21.56–45.44); the isolates were obtained from gulls, mallards, swans, and rooks. All of the strains demonstrated resistance to aztreonam and cefpodoxime. The most frequent resistance prevalence of the above-mentioned isolates in vitro was also demonstrated to ampicillin (82%), ampicillin/sulbactam (68%), cefazolin (66%), ceftriaxone (55%), and ciprofloxacin (47%). All E. coli isolates were susceptible to amikacin. The results of polymerase chain reaction confirmed the presence of the genes encoding resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracycline, amphenicols, trimethoprim, and sulphonamides. Consequently, wild birds might constitute a potential hazard to human and animal health by transmitting multi-resistant E. coli strains to waterways and other environmental sources via bird faeces.

scholarly journals High Colonization Rate and Heterogeneity of ESBL- and Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Gull Feces in Lisbon, Portugal

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1487
Author(s):  
Marta Aires-de-Sousa ◽  
Claudine Fournier ◽  
Elizeth Lopes ◽  
Hermínia de Lencastre ◽  
Patrice Nordmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant ◽  
Encoding Genes

In order to evaluate whether seagulls living on the Lisbon coastline, Portugal, might be colonized and consequently represent potential spreaders of multidrug-resistant bacteria, a total of 88 gull fecal samples were screened for detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)- or carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and for vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE). A large proportion of samples yielded carbapenemase- or ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae (16% and 55%, respectively), while only two MRSA and two VRE were detected. Mating-out assays followed by PCR and whole-plasmid sequencing allowed to identify carbapenemase and ESBL encoding genes. Among 24 carbapenemase-producing isolates, there were mainly Klebsiella pneumoniae (50%) and Escherichia coli (33%). OXA-181 was the most common carbapenemase identified (54%), followed by OXA-48 (25%) and KPC-2 (17%). Ten different ESBLs were found among 62 ESBL-producing isolates, mainly being CTX-M-type enzymes (87%). Co-occurrence in single samples of multiple ESBL- and carbapenemase producers belonging to different bacterial species was observed in some cases. Seagulls constitute an important source for spreading multidrug-resistant bacteria in the environment and their gut microbiota a formidable microenvironment for transfer of resistance genes within bacterial species.

scholarly journals Nybomycin Inhibits both Fluoroquinolone-Sensitive and Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Escherichia coli DNA Gyrase

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitrii I. Shiriaev ◽  
Alina A. Sofronova ◽  
Ekaterina A. Berdnikovich ◽  
Dmitrii A. Lukianov ◽  
Ekaterina S. Komarova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Dna Gyrase ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Mutant Form ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Topoisomerase Iv ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACT Bacterial type II topoisomerases, DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, are targets of many antibiotics, including fluoroquinolones (FQs). Unfortunately, a number of bacterial species easily acquire resistance to FQs by mutations in either DNA gyrase or topoisomerase IV genes. The emergence of resistant pathogenic strains is a global problem in health care; therefore, identifying alternative pathways to thwart their persistence is the current frontier in drug discovery. Nybomycins are an attractive class of compounds, reported to be “reverse antibiotics” that selectively inhibit growth of some Gram-positive FQ-resistant bacteria by targeting the mutant form of DNA gyrase while being inactive against wild-type strains with FQ-sensitive gyrases. The strong “reverse” effect was demonstrated only for a few Gram-positive organisms resistant to FQs due to the S83L/I mutation in the GyrA subunit of DNA gyrase. However, the activity of nybomycins has not been extensively explored among Gram-negative species. Here, we observed that in a ΔtolC strain of the Gram-negative Escherichia coli with enhanced permeability, wild-type gyrase and a GyrA S83L mutant, resistant to fluoroquinolones, are similarly sensitive to nybomycin.

scholarly journals Tolerance to Glutaraldehyde in Escherichia coli Mediated by Overexpression of the Aldehyde Reductase YqhD by YqhC

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Merchel Piovesan Pereira ◽  
Muhammad Adil Salim ◽  
Navneet Rai ◽  
Ilias Tagkopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Aldehyde Reductase ◽  
Tolerance Mechanism ◽  
Adaptive Laboratory Evolution ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Reductase Gene ◽  
Selection Of

Glutaraldehyde is a widely used biocide on the market for about 50 years. Despite its broad application, several reports on the emergence of bacterial resistance, and occasional outbreaks caused by poorly disinfection, there is a gap of knowledge on the bacterial adaptation, tolerance, and resistance mechanisms to glutaraldehyde. Here, we analyze the effects of the independent selection of mutations in the transcriptional regulator yqhC for biological replicates of Escherichia coli cells subjected to adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) in the presence of glutaraldehyde. The evolved strains showed improved survival in the biocide (11–26% increase in fitness) as a result of mutations in the activator yqhC, which led to the overexpression of the yqhD aldehyde reductase gene by 8 to over 30-fold (3.1–5.2 log2FC range). The protective effect was exclusive to yqhD as other aldehyde reductase genes of E. coli, such as yahK, ybbO, yghA, and ahr did not offer protection against the biocide. We describe a novel mechanism of tolerance to glutaraldehyde based on the activation of the aldehyde reductase YqhD by YqhC and bring attention to the potential for the selection of such tolerance mechanism outside the laboratory, given the existence of YqhD homologs in various pathogenic and opportunistic bacterial species.

scholarly journals Microorganisms Resistant to Free-Living Amoebae

2004 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 413-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilbert Greub ◽  
Didier Raoult
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Chlamydophila Pneumoniae ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Intracellular Bacteria ◽  
Emerging Pathogens ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
Simkania Negevensis ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Selection Of

SUMMARY Free-living amoebae feed on bacteria, fungi, and algae. However, some microorganisms have evolved to become resistant to these protists. These amoeba-resistant microorganisms include established pathogens, such as Cryptococcus neoformans, Legionella spp., Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Mycobacterium avium, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Francisella tularensis, and emerging pathogens, such as Bosea spp., Simkania negevensis, Parachlamydia acanthamoebae, and Legionella-like amoebal pathogens. Some of these amoeba-resistant bacteria (ARB) are lytic for their amoebal host, while others are considered endosymbionts, since a stable host-parasite ratio is maintained. Free-living amoebae represent an important reservoir of ARB and may, while encysted, protect the internalized bacteria from chlorine and other biocides. Free-living amoebae may act as a Trojan horse, bringing hidden ARB within the human “Troy,” and may produce vesicles filled with ARB, increasing their transmission potential. Free-living amoebae may also play a role in the selection of virulence traits and in adaptation to survival in macrophages. Thus, intra-amoebal growth was found to enhance virulence, and similar mechanisms seem to be implicated in the survival of ARB in response to both amoebae and macrophages. Moreover, free-living amoebae represent a useful tool for the culture of some intracellular bacteria and new bacterial species that might be potential emerging pathogens.

scholarly journals Molecular characterisation of extended-spectrum ß-lactamase producing Escherichia coli in wild birds and cattle, Ibadan, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayode Fashae ◽  
Ines Engelmann ◽  
Stefan Monecke ◽  
Sascha D. Braun ◽  
Ralf Ehricht
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Ibadan Nigeria

Abstract Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an increasing global health concern reducing options for therapy of infections and also for perioperative prophylaxis. Many Enterobacteriaceae cannot be treated anymore with third generation cephalosporins (3GC) due to the production of certain 3GC hydrolysing enzymes (extended spectrum beta-lactamases, ESBLs). The role of animals as carriers and vectors of multi-resistant bacteria in different geographical regions is poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the occurrence and molecular characteristics of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) in wild birds and slaughtered cattle in Ibadan, Nigeria. Cattle faecal samples (n = 250) and wild bird pooled faecal samples (cattle egrets, Bubulcus ibis, n = 28; white-faced whistling duck, Dendrocygna viduata, n = 24) were collected and cultured on cefotaxime-eosin methylene blue agar. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by agar diffusion assays and all 3GC resistant isolates were genotypically characterised for AMR genes, virulence associated genes (VAGs) and serotypes using DNA microarray-based assays. Results All 3GC resistant isolates were E. coli: cattle (n = 53), egrets (n = 87) and whistling duck (n = 4); cultured from 32/250 (12.8%), 26/28 (92.9%), 2/24(8.3%), cattle, egrets and whistling duck faecal samples, respectively. blaCTX-M gene family was prevalent; blaCTX-M15 (83.3%) predominated over blaCTX-M9 (11.8%). All were susceptible to carbapenems. The majority of isolates were resistant to at least one of the other tested antimicrobials; multidrug resistance was highest in the isolates recovered from egrets. The isolates harboured diverse repositories of other AMR genes (including strB and sul2), integrons (predominantly class 1) and VAGs. The isolates recovered from egrets harboured more AMR genes; eight were unique to these isolates including tetG, gepA, and floR. The prevalent VAGs included hemL and iss; while 14 (including sepA) were unique to certain animal isolates. E. coli serotypes O9:H9, O9:H30 and O9:H4 predominated. An identical phenotypic microarray profile was detected in three isolates from egrets and cattle, indicative of a clonal relationship amongst these isolates. Conclusion Wild birds and cattle harbour diverse ESBL-producing E. coli populations with potential of inter-species dissemination and virulence. Recommended guidelines to balance public health and habitat conservation should be implemented with continuous surveillance.

scholarly journals A Validation System for Selection of Bacteriophages against Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Contamination

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 644
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Necel ◽  
Sylwia Bloch ◽  
Bożena Nejman-Faleńczyk ◽  
Aleksandra Dydecka ◽  
Gracja Topka-Bielecka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Uremic Syndrome ◽  
Efficiency Of Selection ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
Selection Of

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) can cause severe infections in humans, leading to serious diseases and dangerous complications, such as hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Although cattle are a major reservoir of STEC, the most commonly occurring source of human infections are food products (e.g., vegetables) contaminated with cow feces (often due to the use of natural fertilizers in agriculture). Since the use of antibiotics against STEC is controversial, other methods for protection of food against contaminations by these bacteria are required. Here, we propose a validation system for selection of bacteriophages against STEC contamination. As a model system, we have employed a STEC-specific bacteriophage vB_Eco4M-7 and the E. coli O157:H7 strain no. 86-24, bearing Shiga toxin-converting prophage ST2-8624 (Δstx2::cat gfp). When these bacteria were administered on the surface of sliced cucumber (as a model vegetable), significant decrease in number viable E. coli cells was observed after 6 h of incubation. No toxicity of vB_Eco4M-7 against mammalian cells (using the Balb/3T3 cell line as a model) was detected. A rapid decrease of optical density of STEC culture was demonstrated following addition of a vB_Eco4M-7 lysate. However, longer incubation of susceptible bacteria with this bacteriophage resulted in the appearance of phage-resistant cells which predominated in the culture after 24 h incubation. Interestingly, efficiency of selection of bacteria resistant to vB_Eco4M-7 was higher at higher multiplicity of infection (MOI); the highest efficiency was evident at MOI 10, while the lowest occurred at MOI 0.001. A similar phenomenon of selection of the phage-resistant bacteria was also observed in the experiment with the STEC-contaminated cucumber after 24 h incubation with phage lysate. On the other hand, bacteriophage vB_Eco4M-7 could efficiently develop in host bacterial cells, giving plaques at similar efficiency of plating at 37, 25 and 12 °C, indicating that it can destroy STEC cells at the range of temperatures commonly used for vegetable short-term storage. These results indicate that bacteriophage vB_Eco4M-7 may be considered for its use in food protection against STEC contamination; however, caution should be taken due to the phenomenon of the appearance of phage-resistant bacteria.

scholarly journals HJH-1, a Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Activity and Low Cytotoxicity Antimicrobial Peptide

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 2026 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Wang ◽  
Yanzhao Xu ◽  
Mengmeng Dong ◽  
Bolin Hang ◽  
Yawei Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Membrane ◽  
Α Subunit ◽  
Promising Alternative

With the overuse of antibiotics, multidrug-resistant bacteria pose a significant threat to human health. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a promising alternative to conventional antibiotics. This study examines the antimicrobial and membrane activity of HJH-1, a cationic peptide derived from the hemoglobin α-subunit of bovine erythrocytes P3. HJH-1 shows potent antimicrobial activity against different bacterial species associated with infection and causes weaker hemolysis of erythrocytes, at least five times the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). HJH-1 has good stability to tolerance temperature, pH value, and ionic strength. The anionic membrane potential probe bis-(1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid) trimethine oxonol [DiBAC4(3)] and propidium iodide are used as indicators of membrane integrity. In the presence of HJH-1 (1× MIC), Escherichia coli membranes rapidly depolarise, whereas red blood cells show gradual hyperpolarisation. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron micrographs show that HJH-1 (1× MIC) damaged the membranes of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. In conclusion, HJH-1 damages the integrity of the bacterial membrane, preventing the growth of bacteria. HJH-1 has broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, and these activities are performed by changing the normal cell transmembrane potential and disrupting the integrity of the bacterial membrane.

scholarly journals Homology of Escherichia coli R773 arsA, arsB, and arsC Genes in Arsenic-Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Raw Sewage and Arsenic-Enriched Creek Waters

2002 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 280-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad W. Saltikov ◽  
Betty H. Olson
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Colony Hybridization ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Average Sequence Divergence ◽  
Significant Divergence ◽  
Average Sequence ◽  
Arsenic Resistant Bacteria

ABSTRACT The occurrence and diversity of the Escherichia coli R773 ars operon were investigated among arsenic-resistant enteric and nonenteric bacteria isolated from raw sewage and arsenic-enriched creek waters. Selected isolates from each creek location were screened for ars genes by colony hybridization and PCR. The occurrence of arsA, arsB, and arsC determined by low-stringency colony hybridization (31 to 53% estimated mismatch) was 81, 87, and 86%, respectively, for 84 bacteria isolated on arsenate- and arsenite-amended media from three locations. At moderate stringency (21 to 36% estimated mismatch), the occurrence decreased to 42, 56, and 63% for arsA, arsB, and arsC, respectively. PCR results showed that the ars operon is conserved in some enteric bacteria isolated from creek waters and raw sewage. The occurrence of the arsBC genotype was about 50% in raw sewage enteric bacteria, while arsA was detected in only 9.4% of the isolates (n = 32). The arsABC and arsBC genotypes occurred more frequently in enteric bacteria isolated from creek samples: 71.4 and 85.7% (n = 7), respectively. Average sequence divergence within arsB for six creek enteric bacteria was 20% compared to that of the E. coli R773 ars operon. Only 1 of 11 pseudomonads screened by PCR was positive for arsB. The results from this study suggest that significant divergence has occurred in the ars operon among As-resistant E. coli strains and in Pseudomonas spp.

scholarly journals Relationship between Virulence and Resistance among Gram-Negative Bacteria

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 719
Author(s):  
Virginio Cepas ◽  
Sara M. Soto
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Great Capacity ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selection Of

Bacteria present in the human body are innocuous, providing beneficial functions, some of which are necessary for correct body function. However, other bacteria are able to colonize, invade, and cause damage to different tissues, and these are categorised as pathogens. These pathogenic bacteria possess several factors that enable them to be more virulent and cause infection. Bacteria have a great capacity to adapt to different niches and environmental conditions (presence of antibiotics, iron depletion, etc.). Antibiotic pressure has favoured the emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria worldwide. Several studies have reported the presence of a relationship (both positive and negative, and both direct and indirect) between antimicrobial resistance and virulence among bacterial pathogens. This review studies the relationship among the most important Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) taking into account two points of view: (i) the effect the acquisition of resistance has on virulence, and (ii) co-selection of resistance and virulence. The relationship between resistance and virulence among bacteria depends on the bacterial species, the specific mechanisms of resistance and virulence, the ecological niche, and the host.

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