scholarly journals Virus like particles as a platform for cancer vaccine development

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e4053 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Kian Ong ◽  
Wen Siang Tan ◽  
Kok Lian Ho
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Vaccine ◽  
Cancer Vaccines ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Cytotoxic Lymphocyte ◽  
Virus Like Particles ◽  
Virus Clearance ◽  
Self Tolerance ◽  
Lymphocyte Activity ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines

Cancers have killed millions of people in human history and are still posing a serious health problem worldwide. Therefore, there is an urgent need for developing preventive and therapeutic cancer vaccines. Among various cancer vaccine development platforms, virus-like particles (VLPs) offer several advantages. VLPs are multimeric nanostructures with morphology resembling that of native viruses and are mainly composed of surface structural proteins of viruses but are devoid of viral genetic materials rendering them neither infective nor replicative. In addition, they can be engineered to display multiple, highly ordered heterologous epitopes or peptides in order to optimize the antigenicity and immunogenicity of the displayed entities. Like native viruses, specific epitopes displayed on VLPs can be taken up, processed, and presented by antigen-presenting cells to elicit potent specific humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Several studies also indicated that VLPs could overcome the immunosuppressive state of the tumor microenvironment and break self-tolerance to elicit strong cytotoxic lymphocyte activity, which is crucial for both virus clearance and destruction of cancerous cells. Collectively, these unique characteristics of VLPs make them optimal cancer vaccine candidates. This review discusses current progress in the development of VLP-based cancer vaccines and some potential drawbacks of VLPs in cancer vaccine development. Extracellular vesicles with close resembling to viral particles are also discussed and compared with VLPs as a platform in cancer vaccine developments.

scholarly journals Selecting Target Antigens for Cancer Vaccine Development

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Buonaguro ◽  
Maria Tagliamonte
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Cancer Vaccine ◽  
Cancer Vaccines ◽  
Tumor Antigens ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
T Cell Response ◽  
Therapeutic Cancer Vaccine ◽  
Memory T Cell ◽  
Heteroclitic Peptides ◽  
Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines

One of the principal goals of cancer immunotherapy is the development of efficient therapeutic cancer vaccines that are able to elicit an effector as well as memory T cell response specific to tumor antigens. In recent years, the attention has been focused on the personalization of cancer vaccines. However, the efficacy of therapeutic cancer vaccines is still disappointing despite the large number of vaccine strategies targeting different tumors that have been evaluated in recent years. While the preclinical data have frequently shown encouraging results, clinical trials have not provided satisfactory data to date. The main reason for such failures is the complexity of identifying specific target tumor antigens that should be unique or overexpressed only by the tumor cells compared to normal cells. Most of the tumor antigens included in cancer vaccines are non-mutated overexpressed self-antigens, eliciting mainly T cells with low-affinity T cell receptors (TCR) unable to mediate an effective anti-tumor response. In this review, the target tumor antigens employed in recent years in the development of therapeutic cancer vaccine strategies are described, along with potential new classes of tumor antigens such as the human endogenous retroviral elements (HERVs), unconventional antigens, and/or heteroclitic peptides.

scholarly journals Strategies for Cancer Vaccine Development

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Vergati ◽  
Chiara Intrivici ◽  
Ngar-Yee Huen ◽  
Jeffrey Schlom ◽  
Kwong Y. Tsang
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Cancer Vaccine ◽  
Cancer Vaccines ◽  
T Regulatory Cells ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Tumor Escape ◽  
Immunological Mechanisms ◽  
Clinical Benefits ◽  
Recent Phase ◽  
Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines

Treating cancer with vaccines has been a challenging field of investigation since the 1950s. Over the years, the lack of effective active immunotherapies has led to the development of numerous novel strategies. However, the use of therapeutic cancer vaccines may be on the verge of becoming an effective modality. Recent phase II/III clinical trials have achieved hopeful results in terms of overall survival. Yet despite these encouraging successes, in general, very little is known about the basic immunological mechanisms involved in vaccine immunotherapy. Gaining a better understanding of the mechanisms that govern the specific immune responses (i.e., cytotoxic T lymphocytes, CD4 T helper cells, T regulatory cells, cells of innate immunity, tumor escape mechanisms) elicited by each of the various vaccine platforms should be a concern of cancer vaccine clinical trials, along with clinical benefits. This review focuses on current strategies employed by recent clinical trials of therapeutic cancer vaccines and analyzes them both clinically and immunologically.

Cancer vaccines using supramolecular hydrogels of NSAID-modified peptides as adjuvants abolish tumorigenesis

Nanoscale ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (37) ◽  
pp. 14058-14064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongyan Wang ◽  
Chunhui Liang ◽  
Fang Shi ◽  
Tao He ◽  
Changyang Gong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Vaccine ◽  
Cancer Vaccines ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Modified Peptides

We demonstrated in this study that supramolecular hydrogels of NSAID-modified peptides are promising adjuvants for cancer vaccine development.

Particulate carrier systems as adjuvants for cancer vaccines

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 4873-4887 ◽  
Author(s):  
May Tun Saung ◽  
Xiyu Ke ◽  
Gregory P. Howard ◽  
Lei Zheng ◽  
Hai-Quan Mao
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Vaccine ◽  
Cancer Vaccines ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Particulate Carrier ◽  
Carrier Systems ◽  
Particulate Systems

Particulate systems including nanoparticles and microparticles show great potential as carriers for antigen and adjuvant delivery in cancer vaccine development.

scholarly journals A novel immunopeptidomic-based pipeline for the generation of personalized oncolytic cancer vaccines

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Feola ◽  
Jacopo Chiaro ◽  
Beatriz Martins ◽  
Salvatore Russo ◽  
Manlio Fusciello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Vaccine ◽  
Cancer Vaccines ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Molecular Mimicry ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Malignant Lesion ◽  
Tumor Cell Line ◽  
Vaccine Platform ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Selection Of

Beside the isolation and identification of MHC-I restricted peptides from the surface of cancer cells, one of the challenges is eliciting an effective anti-tumor CD8+ T cell mediated response as part of therapeutic cancer vaccine. Therefore, the establishment of a solid pipeline for the downstream selection of clinically relevant peptides and the subsequent creation of therapeutic cancer vaccines are of utmost importance. Indeed, the use of peptides for eliciting specific anti-tumor adaptive immunity is hindered by two main limitations: the efficient selection of the most optimal candidate peptides and the use of a highly immunogenic platform to combine with the peptides to induce effective tumor-specific adaptive immune responses. Here, we describe for the first time a streamlined pipeline for the generation of personalized cancer vaccines starting from the isolation and selection of the most immunogenic peptide candidates expressed on the tumor cells and ending in the generation of efficient therapeutic oncolytic cancer vaccines. This immunopeptidomics-based pipeline was carefully validated in a murine colon tumor model CT26. Specifically, we used state-of-the-art immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometric methodologies to isolate >8000 peptide targets from the CT26 tumor cell line. The selection of the target candidates was then based on two separate approaches: RNAseq analysis and the HEX software. The latter is a tool previously developed by Chiaro et al. (1), able to identify tumor antigens similar to pathogen antigens, in order to exploit molecular mimicry and tumor pathogen cross-reactive T-cells in cancer vaccine development. The generated list of candidates (twenty-six in total) was further tested in a functional characterization assay using interferon-γ ELISpot (Enzyme-Linked Immunospot), reducing the number of candidates to six. These peptides were then tested in our previously described oncolytic cancer vaccine platform PeptiCRAd, a vaccine platform that combines an immunogenic oncolytic adenovirus (OAd) coated with tumor antigen peptides. In our work, PeptiCRAd was successfully used for the treatment of mice bearing CT26, controlling the primary malignant lesion and most importantly a secondary, non-treated, cancer lesion. These results confirmed the feasibility of applying the described pipeline for the selection of peptide candidates and generation of therapeutic oncolytic cancer vaccine, filling a gap in the field of cancer immunotherapy, and paving the way to translate our pipeline into human therapeutic approach.

scholarly journals Self-healing microcapsules synergetically modulate immunization microenvironments for potent cancer vaccination

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (21) ◽  
pp. eaay7735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaobo Xi ◽  
Tong Ye ◽  
Shuang Wang ◽  
Xiangming Na ◽  
Jianghua Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Vaccines ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Release Kinetics ◽  
T Cell Response ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Postsurgical Recurrence ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines

Therapeutic cancer vaccines that harness the immune system to reject cancer cells have shown great promise for cancer treatment. Although a wave of efforts have spurred to improve the therapeutic effect, unfavorable immunization microenvironment along with a complicated preparation process and frequent vaccinations substantially compromise the performance. Here, we report a novel microcapsule-based formulation for high-performance cancer vaccinations. The special self-healing feature provides a mild and efficient paradigm for antigen microencapsulation. After vaccination, these microcapsules create a favorable immunization microenvironment in situ, wherein antigen release kinetics, recruited cell behavior, and acid surrounding work in a synergetic manner. In this case, we can effectively increase the antigen utilization, improve the antigen presentation, and activate antigen presenting cells. As a result, effective T cell response, potent tumor inhibition, antimetastatic effects, and prevention of postsurgical recurrence are achieved with various types of antigens, while neoantigen was encapsuled and evaluated in different tumor models.

scholarly journals Combining Cancer Vaccines with Immunotherapy: Establishing a New Immunological Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 8035
Author(s):  
Chang Gon Kim ◽  
Yun Beom Sang ◽  
Ji Hyun Lee ◽  
Hong Jae Chon
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Vaccines ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Tumor Regression ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Antigen Delivery ◽  
Vaccine Platform ◽  
Personalized Cancer ◽  
Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines ◽  
Antigen Repertoire

Therapeutic cancer vaccines have become increasingly qualified for use in personalized cancer immunotherapy. A deeper understanding of tumor immunology and novel antigen delivery technologies has assisted in optimizing vaccine design. Therapeutic cancer vaccines aim to establish long-lasting immunological memory against tumor cells, thereby leading to effective tumor regression and minimizing non-specific or adverse events. However, due to several resistance mechanisms, significant challenges remain to be solved in order to achieve these goals. In this review, we describe our current understanding with respect to the use of the antigen repertoire in vaccine platform development. We also summarize various intrinsic and extrinsic resistance mechanisms behind the failure of cancer vaccine development in the past. Finally, we suggest a strategy that combines immune checkpoint inhibitors to enhance the efficacy of cancer vaccines.

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