scholarly journals Effects of elevated CO2on predator avoidance behaviour by reef fishes is not altered by experimental test water

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip L. Munday ◽  
Megan J. Welch ◽  
Bridie J.M. Allan ◽  
Sue-Ann Watson ◽  
Shannon J. McMahon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reef Fishes ◽  
Startle Stimulus ◽  
Antipredator Behaviour ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Test Arena ◽  
Test Water ◽  
Predator Cue ◽  
Predator Odour ◽  
Control Water ◽  
Treatment Water

Pioneering studies into the effects of elevated CO2on the behaviour of reef fishes often tested high-CO2reared fish using control water in the test arena. While subsequent studies using rearing treatment water (control or high CO2) in the test arena have confirmed the effects of high CO2on a range of reef fish behaviours, a further investigation into the use of different test water in the experimental arena is warranted. Here, we used a fully factorial design to test the effect of rearing treatment water (control or high CO2) and experimental test water (control or high CO2) on antipredator responses of larval reef fishes. We tested antipredator behaviour in larval clownfishAmphiprion perculaand ambon damselfishPomacentrus amboinensis, two species that have been used in previous high CO2 experiments. Specifically, we tested if: (1) using control or high CO2water in a two channel flume influenced the response of larval clownfish to predator odour; and (2) using control or high CO2water in the test arena influenced the escape response of larval damselfish to a startle stimulus. Finally, (3) because the effects of high CO2on fish behaviour appear to be caused by altered function of the GABA-A neurotransmitter we tested if antipredator behaviours were restored in clownfish treated with a GABA antagonist (gabazine) in high CO2water. Larval clownfish reared from hatching in control water (496 µatm) strongly avoided predator cue whereas larval clownfish reared from hatching in high CO2(1,022 µatm) were attracted to the predator cue, as has been reported in previous studies. There was no effect on fish responses of using either control or high CO2water in the flume. Larval damselfish reared for four days in high CO2(1,051 µatm) exhibited a slower response to a startle stimulus and slower escape speed compared with fish reared in control conditions (464 µatm). There was no effect of test water on escape responses. Treatment of high-CO2reared clownfish with 4 mg l−1gabazine in high CO2seawater restored the normal response to predator odour, as has been previously reported with fish tested in control water. Our results show that using control water in the experimental trials did not influence the results of previous studies on antipredator behaviour of reef fishes and also supports the results of novel experiments conducted in natural reef habitat at ambient CO2levels.

scholarly journals Effects of elevated CO2 on predator avoidance behaviour by reef fishes is not altered by experimental test water

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip L. Munday ◽  
Megan J. Welch ◽  
Bridie J.M. Allan ◽  
Sue-Ann Watson ◽  
Shannon McMahon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reef Fishes ◽  
Startle Stimulus ◽  
Antipredator Behaviour ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Test Arena ◽  
Test Water ◽  
Predator Cue ◽  
Predator Odour ◽  
Control Water ◽  
Treatment Water

AbstractPioneering studies into the effects of elevated CO2 on the behaviour of reef fishes often tested high-CO2 reared fish using control water in the test arena. While subsequent studies using rearing treatment water (control or high CO2) in the test arena have confirmed the effects of high CO2 on a range of reef fish behaviours, a further investigation into the use of different test water in the experimental arena is warranted. Here, we used a fully factorial design to test the effect of rearing treatment water (control or high CO2) and experimental test water (control or high CO2) on antipredator responses of larval reef fishes. We tested antipredator behaviour in larval clownfish Amphiprion percula and ambon damselfish Pomacentrus amboinensis, two species that have been used in previous high CO2 experiments. Specifically we tested if: 1) using control or high CO2 water in a two channel flume influenced the response of larval clownfish to predator odour, and 2) using control or high CO2 water in the test arena influenced the escape response of larval damselfish to a startle stimulus. Finally, 3) because the effects of high CO2 on fish behaviour appear to be caused by altered function of the GABA-A neurotransmitter we tested if antipredator behaviours were restored in clownfish treated with a GABA antagonist (gabazine) in high CO2 water. Larval clownfish reared from hatching in control water (496 μatm) strongly avoided predator cue whereas larval clownfish reared from hatching in high CO2 (1022 μatm) were attracted to the predator cue, as has been reported in previous studies. There was no effect of testing fish using control or high CO2 water in the flume. Larval damselfish reared for 4 days in high CO2 (1051 μatm) exhibited a slower response to a startle stimulus, slower escape speed and a shorter escape distance compared with fish reared in control conditions (464 μatm). There was no effect of test water on escape responses. Treatment of high-CO2 reared clownfish with 4 mg l−1 gabazine in high CO2 seawater restored the normal response to predator odour, as has been previously reported with fish tested in control water. Our results show that using control water in the experimental trials did not influence the results of previous studies on antipredator behaviour of reef fishes and also supports the results of novel experiments conducted in natural reef habitat at ambient CO2 levels.

Responses of Golden Shiner Minnows to Chemical Cues from Snake Predators

Behaviour ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 135 (8) ◽  
pp. 1213-1228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renée Godard ◽  
Catherine Wannamaker ◽  
Bonnie Bowers
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Predatory Fish ◽  
Antipredator Behaviour ◽  
Alarm Substance ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Nerodia Sipedon ◽  
Golden Shiners ◽  
Response To Water ◽  
Snake Predators

AbstractStudies of a limited number of species of fish in the superorder Ostariophysi have shown they they exhibit strong antipredator behaviour to conserved alarm substance in feces and in other byproducts from predatory fish that have consumed ostariophysans. Our experiments examined the ability of a previously untested ostariophysan to recognize chemical cues from two species of snake predators. In Experiment 1, shoals of golden shiners (Notemigonus chrysoleucas) exhibited strong shelter-seeking responses to water which contained waste byproducts from either a sympatric snake or an allopatric snake which had been fed golden shiners but not to a distilled water control. There was no difference in response to the sympatrie snake predator, northern water snakes (Nerodia sipedon), compared to the allopatric snake predator, black-bellied garter snakes (Thamnophis melanogaster). In Experiment 2, individual shiners exhibited vigourous dashing when presented with water which contained waste byproducts from N. sipedon fed golden shiners but exhibited a much weaker response to water which contained waste byproducts from N. sipedon fed green swordtails (Xiphophorus helleri, a non-ostariophysan) or to a water control. These results suggest that the alarm substance produced in the epidermis of the golden shiners is conserved in snake waste byproducts. Experiment 3 showed that there was little difference in shelter-seeking behaviour by shoals of shiners when presented with water in which N. sipedon had soaked, water in which T. melanogaster had soaked, or a distilled water control. Thus it appears that secretions from the skin of these predators may not be chemically labelled.

A Novel Double-Group Crosslinked Hydrogel with High Thixotropy for Water Control in Horizontal Wells

SPE Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Gang Li ◽  
Lifeng Chen ◽  
Meilong Fu ◽  
Lei Wang ◽  
Yadong Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Gelation Time ◽  
Horizontal Wells ◽  
Uniform Grid ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Water Production ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Recovery Coefficient ◽  
Metastable Structure ◽  
Control Water

Summary Horizontal wells that are completed with slotted liners often suffer from a severe water-production problem, which is detrimental to oil recovery. It is because the annulus between the slotted liners and wellbore cannot be fully filled with common hydrogels with poor thixotropy, which determines the ultimate hydrogel filling shape in the annulus. This paper presents a novel hydrogel with high thixotropy to effectively control water production in horizontal wells. This study is aimed at evaluating the thixotropic performance, gelation time, plugging performance, and degradation performance. The thixotropic performance of the new hydrogel was also investigated by measuring its rheological properties and examining its microstructures. It was found that the new hydrogel thickened rapidly after shearing. Its thixotropic recovery coefficient was 1.747, which was much higher than those of traditional hydrogels. The gelation time can be controlled in the range of 2 to 8 hours by properly adjusting the concentrations of the framework material, crosslinker, and initiator. The hydrogel could be customized for mature oil reservoirs, at which it was stable for more than 90 days. A series of laboratory physical modeling tests showed that the breakthrough pressure gradient and the plugging ratio of the hydrogel in sandpacks were higher than 9.5 MPa/m and 99%, respectively. At the same time, it was found that the hydrogel has good degradation properties; the viscosity of the hydrogel breaking solution was 4.22 mPa·s. Freeze-etching scanning-electron-microscopy examinations indicated that the hydrogel had a uniform grid structure, which can be broken easily by shear and restored quickly. This led to the remarkable thixotropic performance. The formation of a metastable structure caused by the electrostatic interaction and coordination effect was considered to be the primary reason for the high thixotropy. The successful development of the new thixotropic hydrogel not only helps to control water production from the horizontal wells, but also furthers the thixotropic theory of hydrogel. This study also provides technical guidelines for further increasing the thixotropies of drilling fluids, fracturing fluids, and other enhanced-oil-recovery polymers that are commonly used in the petroleum industry.

The fish that cried wolf: the role of parental care in novel predator recognition in juvenile convict cichlids (Amatitlania siquia)

Behaviour ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 153 (8) ◽  
pp. 963-980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Layla Al-Shaer ◽  
Timothy Paciorek ◽  
Zachary Carroll ◽  
Murray Itzkowitz
Keyword(s):  
Antipredator Behaviour ◽  
Unique Form ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Convict Cichlids ◽  
Predator Learning ◽  
Parental Ability ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Predator Odour ◽  
Amatitlania Siquia

This study tested if convict cichlids (Amatitlania siquia) with prior predator experience could socially transfer their predator knowledge to their offspring. Prior to reproduction, pairs were assigned to either an experimental or control associative learning treatment, and given novel predator odour from a wolf cichlid (Parachromis dovii) paired with either alarm cue or water respectively. We hypothesized that upon re-exposure to the odour, experimental pairs would socially transfer their acquired predator knowledge to their naïve offspring, which in turn would exhibit antipredator behaviour. While fry from both treatment groups did not show a difference in shoal formation, there is some evidence to suggest a trend in the experimental group regarding parental ability to transfer information to offspring and influence shoal behaviour. When tested individually, experimental fry decreased their activity more than control fry in the presence of the predator odour. This study provides evidence of a unique form of predator learning between parents and offspring, suggesting that biparental care may also serve to provide offspring with information about the habitat into which they are born.

scholarly journals Fathead minnows learn to recognize predator odour when exposed to concentrations of artificial alarm pheromone below their behavioural-response threshold

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (12) ◽  
pp. 2239-2245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grant E Brown ◽  
James C Adrian, Jr. ◽  
Todd Patton ◽  
Douglas P Chivers
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Perch ◽  
Alarm Pheromone ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Behavioural Response ◽  
Response Threshold ◽  
Antipredator Behaviour ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Ostariophysan Fishes

Hypoxanthine-3-N-oxide (H3NO) has been identified as the putative alarm pheromone of ostariophysan fishes. Previously we demonstrated a population-specific minimum behavioural-response threshold in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) to a H3NO concentration of approximately 0.4 nM. Minnows may, however, perceive low concentrations of H3NO as a predation threat, even though they do not exhibit an overt behavioural response. We conducted a series of laboratory trials to test the hypothesis that minnows can detect the alarm pheromone at concentrations below the minimum behavioural-response threshold. We exposed predator-naïve fathead minnows to H3NO at concentrations ranging from 0.4 to 0.05 nM paired with the odour of a novel predator (yellow perch, Perca flavescens) or distilled water paired with perch odour. We observed significant increases in antipredator behaviour (increased shoal cohesion, movement towards the substrate, a reduction in feeding, and an increase in the occurrence of dashing and freezing behaviour) in shoals of minnows exposed to a combined cue of 0.4 nM H3NO and perch odour (compared with a distilled-water control), but not by shoals exposed to lower concentrations of H3NO paired with perch odour or those exposed to distilled water paired with perch odour. When exposed to perch odour alone 4 days later, minnows initially conditioned to H3NO at concentrations of 0.4–0.1 nM exhibited significant increases in antipredator behaviour. These data demonstrate that minnows attend to the alarm pheromone at concentrations below the minimum behavioural-response threshold and are able to acquire the ability to recognize a novel predator even though they do not exhibit an overt behavioural response.

scholarly journals Sex differences in risk-taking and associative learning in rats

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 150485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolle Wolter Jolles ◽  
Neeltje J. Boogert ◽  
Ruud van den Bos
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Learning Style ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Test Arena ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
New Associations ◽  
Time Out ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Predator Odour

In many species, males tend to have lower parental investment than females and greater variance in their reproductive success. Males might therefore be expected to adopt more high-risk, high-return behaviours than females. Next to risk-taking behaviour itself, sexes might also differ in how they respond to information and learn new associations owing to the fundamental link of these cognitive processes with the risk–reward axis. Here we investigated sex differences in both risk-taking and learned responses to risk by measuring male and female rats’ ( Rattus norvegicus ) behaviour across three contexts in an open field test containing cover. We found that when the environment was novel, males spent more time out of cover than females. Males also hid less when exposed to the test arena containing predator odour. By contrast, females explored more than males when the predator odour was removed (associatively learned risk). These results suggest that males are more risk-prone but behave more in line with previous experiences, while females are more risk-averse and more responsive to changes in their current environment. Our results suggest that male and female rats differ in how they cope with risk and highlight that a general link may exist between risk-taking behaviour and learning style.

scholarly journals Acquired predator recognition in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): conditioning hatchery-reared fish to recognize chemical cues of a predator

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 611-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grant E Brown ◽  
R Jan F. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Antipredator Behaviour ◽  
Skin Extract ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Juvenile Rainbow Trout ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Area Use

In this study, we exposed predator-naive, hatchery-reared juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to the chemical stimuli from northern pike (Esox lucius) and either trout skin extract (a chemical alarm signal) or a distilled water control to test for acquired recognition of a novel predator. Trout exposed to conspecific skin extract and pike odour significantly increased antipredator behaviour (i.e., decreased foraging and area use and increased shoaling and freezing), while those exposed to distilled water and pike odour did not. Conditioned trout were exposed to pike odour alone (versus a distilled water control) either 4 or 21 days later. When presented with pike odour 4 days postconditioning, trout significantly increased antipredator behaviour (i.e., decreased foraging and area use and increased time under cover and freezing). Trout tested 21 days postconditioning still exhibited a significant increase in antipredator behaviours when presented with pike odour alone (i.e., decreased foraging and increased freezing). These data are the first to demonstrate that hatchery-reared trout can be conditioned to recognize the chemical cues of a predator and suggest that this may serve as a strategy to train hatchery-reared fish to recognize predators prior to stocking into natural waterways.

Dyadic design interface between energy and agriculture: the case of Pinthali micro hydro system in Nepal

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 193-200
Author(s):  
A. Regmi
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Hydro Development ◽  
Energy Strategy ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Technology And Innovation ◽  
The People ◽  
Framework Energy ◽  
Control Water ◽  
Productive Output

Technology, like society, is heterogeneous. It mirrors the context in which it operates. Micro hydro development in Nepal is a rural energy strategy, which relies on technology and innovation and takes place in a specific social context. In designing this energy strategy, both technology and its social context, therefore, need to be considered seriously. In technical design processes, the interplay between the content (technology) and the context (society) needs to be considered, as the outcome will affect the people. For example, the content - micro hydro system - in the domain of the context - agriculture - provides an arena for an integrated water control system. Thus, it is possible to control water for two purposes: to produce power and to provide irrigation. The end product will be “energy” as a “consumptive” output and improved food security as a “productive” output of water. Therefore, within a sociotechnical framework, energy and irrigation become constitutive outputs of the sacrosanct “water”. Thus, the metaphor of power - the “sociotechnical code” of “content” and “context” - can be used with the term “agro-energy” in the design process of micro hydro systems. Evidence suggests that this interaction can lead to a transformed water use system for both productive and consumptive output for the benefit of rural communities.

Quality or quantity? the role of donor condition in the production of chemical alarm cues in juvenile convict cichlids

Behaviour ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 141 (10) ◽  
pp. 1235-1248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reehan Mirza ◽  
Grant Brown ◽  
Ellie Roh
Keyword(s):  
Threshold Concentration ◽  
Response Threshold ◽  
Antipredator Behaviour ◽  
Alarm Cues ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Antipredator Response ◽  
Condition Versus ◽  
Convict Cichlids ◽  
Chemical Alarm Cues ◽  
High Condition

AbstractMuch study has been devoted to the function of chemical alarm cues in predator-prey relationships in aquatic environments, but little is known about the production of these valuable sources of chemosensory information. Recent studies have demonstrated that donor (cue sender) condition may play an important role in the production of chemical alarm cues in juvenile convict cichlids (Archocentrus nigrofasciatus). In laboratory experiments, we conducted trials to test for the effect of donor body condition on the minimum behavioural response threshold and/or intensity of antipredator response to conspecific chemical alarm cues. Chemical alarm cue donors were sampled from high or low condition populations. Pairs of juvenile cichlids were exposed to the skin extracts of high condition versus low condition donors, across a range of relative concentrations (200, 100, 50, 25, and 12.5%), and a distilled water control. We found that cichlids exhibited overt antipredator behaviour beginning at a concentration of 25% for the high condition cue, while a minimum response threshold concentration of 50% was seen for low condition cue. The intensity of antipredator response was greater following exposure to the alarm cues of high condition stimulus versus low condition donors. Taken together, these findings suggest that the damage-released chemical alarm cues from high condition donors are qualitatively and quantitatively greater than those of low condition donors.

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