scholarly journals Low regeneration of lesions produced by coring inOrbicella faveolata

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e1596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa E. Rodríguez-Martínez ◽  
Adán Guillermo Jordán-Garza ◽  
Eric Jordán-Dahlgren
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Coral Species ◽  
Tissue Loss ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Common Procedure ◽  
Live Tissue ◽  
Coral Colony ◽  
Orbicella Faveolata ◽  
Regenerate Tissue

The extraction of tissue-skeleton cores from coral colonies is a common procedure to study diverse aspects of their biology, water quality or to obtain environmental proxies. Coral species preferred for such studies in Caribbean reefs belong to the generaOrbicella. The long term effects of coring in the coral colony are seldom evaluated and in many Caribbean countries this practice is not regulated. We monitored 50 lesions produced onOrbicella faveolatacolonies by the extraction of two centimeter-diameter cores to determine if they were able to heal after a four year period. At the end of the study 4% of the lesions underwent full regeneration, 52% underwent partial regeneration, 14% suffered additional tissue loss but remained surrounded by live tissue, and 30% merged with dead areas of the colonies. Given the low capacity ofOrbicella faveolatato regenerate tissue-skeleton lesions, studies that use coring should be regulated and mitigation actions, such as using less destructive techniques and remediation measures after extraction, should be conducted to facilitate tissue regeneration.

scholarly journals Testing methods to mitigate Caribbean yellow-band disease on Orbicella faveolata

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carly J. Randall ◽  
Elizabeth M. Whitcher ◽  
Tessa Code ◽  
Clayton Pollock ◽  
Ian Lundgren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Treatment Success ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Tissue Loss ◽  
Coral Tissue ◽  
Yellow Band ◽  
Orbicella Faveolata ◽  
In Situ Experiments ◽  
Yellow Band Disease

Outbreaks of coral diseases continue to reduce global coral populations. In the Caribbean, yellow band is a severe and wide-spread disease that commonly affects corals of the Orbicella spp. complex, significantly impeding coral reproduction, and hindering the natural recovery of Orbicella spp. populations. Caribbean yellow-band disease (CYBD) lesions may be severe, and often result in the complete loss of coral tissue. The slow spread of CYBD, however, provides an opportunity to test methods to mitigate the disease. Here we report the results of in situ experiments, conducted within Buck Island Reef National Monument in St. Croix, USVI, to test the effectiveness of three techniques to minimize disease impact on Orbicella faveolata: (1) shading, (2) aspirating, and (3) chiseling a “firebreak” to isolate the lesion. Neither shading nor aspirating the diseased tissue significantly reduced CYBD tissue loss. However, chiseling reduced the rate and amount of tissue lost by 31%. While 30–40% of the chiseled lesions appeared to be free of disease signs 12–16 months after treatment, success significantly and steadily declined over 23 months, indicating a possible lack of long-term viability of the technique. The results of this study demonstrate that creating a “firebreak” between diseased and healthy-appearing tissue slows the spread of the disease and may prolong the life of O. faveolata colonies. The firebreak method yielded the best results of all the techniques tested, and also required the least amount of effort and resources. However, we do not recommend that this treatment alone be used for long-term disease mitigation. Rather, we propose that modifications of this and other treatment options be sought. The results also highlight the need for extended monitoring of CYBD after any treatment, due to the slow but variable rate and pattern of tissue loss in this disease.

scholarly journals Effects of Ocean Acidification on Resident and Active Microbial Communities of Stylophora pistillata

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelle Muniz Barreto ◽  
Maren Ziegler ◽  
Alexander Venn ◽  
Eric Tambutté ◽  
Didier Zoccola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Ocean Warming ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Stylophora Pistillata ◽  
Coral Colony ◽  
Active Communities

Ocean warming and ocean acidification (OA) are direct consequences of climate change and affect coral reefs worldwide. While the effect of ocean warming manifests itself in increased frequency and severity of coral bleaching, the effects of ocean acidification on corals are less clear. In particular, long-term effects of OA on the bacterial communities associated with corals are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of ocean acidification on the resident and active microbiome of long-term aquaria-maintained Stylophora pistillata colonies by assessing 16S rRNA gene diversity on the DNA (resident community) and RNA level (active community). Coral colony fragments of S. pistillata were kept in aquaria for 2 years at four different pCO2 levels ranging from current pH conditions to increased acidification scenarios (i.e., pH 7.2, 7.4, 7.8, and 8). We identified 154 bacterial families encompassing 2,047 taxa (OTUs) in the resident and 89 bacterial families including 1,659 OTUs in the active communities. Resident communities were dominated by members of Alteromonadaceae, Flavobacteriaceae, and Colwelliaceae, while active communities were dominated by families Cyclobacteriacea and Amoebophilaceae. Besides the overall differences between resident and active community composition, significant differences were seen between the control (pH 8) and the two lower pH treatments (7.2 and 7.4) in the active community, but only between pH 8 and 7.2 in the resident community. Our analyses revealed profound differences between the resident and active microbial communities, and we found that OA exerted stronger effects on the active community. Further, our results suggest that rDNA- and rRNA-based sequencing should be considered complementary tools to investigate the effects of environmental change on microbial assemblage structure and activity.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of topical antibiotics in treating corals affected by Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen L. Neely ◽  
Kevin A. Macaulay ◽  
Emily K. Hower ◽  
Michelle A. Dobler
Keyword(s):  
Coral Species ◽  
Tissue Loss ◽  
Coral Tissue ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Hard Coral ◽  
Topical Antibiotic ◽  
Topical Antibiotics ◽  
Stony Coral ◽  
Orbicella Faveolata ◽  
Reef Tract

Since 2014, Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease (SCTLD) has led to mass mortality of the majority of hard coral species on the Florida Reef Tract. Following the successful treatment of SCTLD lesions on laboratory corals using water dosed with antibiotics, two topical pastes were developed as vehicles to directly apply antibiotic treatments to wild corals. These pastes were tested as placebos and with additions of amoxicillin on active SCTLD lesions on multiple coral species. The effectiveness of the pastes without antibiotics (placebo treatments) was 4% and 9%, no different from untreated controls. Adding amoxicillin to both pastes significantly increased effectiveness to 70% and 84%. Effectiveness with this method was seen across five different coral species, with success rates of the more effective paste ranging from 67% (Colpophyllia natans) to 90% (Orbicella faveolata and Montastraea cavernosa). Topical antibiotic application is a viable and effective tool for halting disease lesions on corals affected by SCTLD.

scholarly journals Annual coral bleaching and the long-term recovery capacity of coral

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1819) ◽  
pp. 20151887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verena Schoepf ◽  
Andréa G. Grottoli ◽  
Stephen J. Levas ◽  
Matthew D. Aschaffenburg ◽  
Justin H. Baumann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coral Species ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Energy Reserves ◽  
Recovery Capacity ◽  
Orbicella Faveolata ◽  
N Isotopes ◽  
C And N ◽  
The Impact

Mass bleaching events are predicted to occur annually later this century. Nevertheless, it remains unknown whether corals will be able to recover between annual bleaching events. Using a combined tank and field experiment, we simulated annual bleaching by exposing three Caribbean coral species ( Porites divaricata , Porites astreoides and Orbicella faveolata ) to elevated temperatures for 2.5 weeks in 2 consecutive years. The impact of annual bleaching stress on chlorophyll a , energy reserves, calcification, and tissue C and N isotopes was assessed immediately after the second bleaching and after both short- and long-term recovery on the reef (1.5 and 11 months, respectively). While P. divaricata and O. faveolata were able to recover from repeat bleaching within 1 year, P. astreoides experienced cumulative damage that prevented full recovery within this time frame, suggesting that repeat bleaching had diminished its recovery capacity. Specifically, P. astreoides was not able to recover protein and carbohydrate concentrations. As energy reserves promote bleaching resistance, failure to recover from annual bleaching within 1 year will likely result in the future demise of heat-sensitive coral species.

scholarly journals The role of coral colony health state in the recovery of lesions

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e1531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia P. Ruiz-Diaz ◽  
Carlos Toledo-Hernandez ◽  
Alex E. Mercado-Molina ◽  
María-Eglée Pérez ◽  
Alberto M. Sabat
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Coral Disease ◽  
Health State ◽  
Gorgonia Ventalina ◽  
Coral Colony ◽  
Vital Functions ◽  
Regenerate Tissue ◽  
Sea Fan ◽  
The Impact

Coral disease literature has focused, for the most part, on the etiology of the more than 35 coral afflictions currently described. Much less understood are the factors that underpin the capacity of corals to regenerate lesions, including the role of colony health. This lack of knowledge with respect to the factors that influence tissue regeneration significantly limits our understanding of the impact of diseases at the colony, population, and community level. In this study, we experimentally compared tissue regeneration capacity of diseased versus healthy fragments ofGorgonia ventalinacolonies at 5 m and 12 m of depth. We found that the initial health state of colonies (i.e., diseased or healthy) had a significant effect on tissue regeneration (healing). All healthy fragments exhibited full recovery regardless of depth treatment, while diseased fragments did not. Our results suggest that being diseased or healthy has a significant effect on the capacity of a sea fan colony to repair tissue, but that environmental factors associated with changes in depth, such as temperature and light, do not. We conclude that disease doesn’t just compromise vital functions such as growth and reproduction in corals but also compromises their capacity to regenerate tissue and heal lesions.

scholarly journals Lithium-Mediated Long-Term Neuroprotection in Neonatal Rat Hypoxia–Ischemia is Associated with Antiinflammatory Effects and Enhanced Proliferation and Survival of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 2106-2115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongfu Li ◽  
Qian Li ◽  
Xiaonan Du ◽  
Yanyan Sun ◽  
Xiaoyang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Treatment ◽  
Lipid Binding ◽  
Neonatal Rat ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Tissue Loss ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Hypoxia Ischemia ◽  
Galectin 3 ◽  
Neural Stem Progenitor Cells

The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term effects of lithium treatment on neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, inflammation, and neural stem/progenitor cell (NSPC) proliferation and survival. Nine-day-old male rats were subjected to unilateral hypoxia–ischemia (HI) and 2 mmol/kg lithium chloride was injected intraperitoneally immediately after the insult. Additional lithium injections, 1 mmol/kg, were administered at 24-hour intervals for 7 days. Animals were killed 6, 24, 72 hours, or 7 weeks after HI. Lithium reduced total tissue loss by 69%, from 89.4±14.6 mm3 in controls ( n = 15) to 27.6 ±6.2 mm3 in lithium-treated animals ( n = 14) 7 weeks after HI ( P<0.001). Microglia activation was inhibited by lithium treatment, as judged by Iba-1 and galectin-3 immunostaining, and reduced interleukin-1β and CCL2 levels. Lithium increased progenitor, rather than stem cell, proliferation in both nonischemic and ischemic brains, as judged by 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine labeling 24 and 72 hours as well as by phospho-histone H3 and brain lipid-binding protein labeling 7 weeks after HI. Lithium treatment also promoted survival of newborn NSPCs, without altering the relative levels of neuronal and astroglial differentiation. In summary, lithium conferred impressive, morphological long-term protection against neonatal HI, at least partly by inhibiting inflammation and promoting NSPC proliferation and survival.

scholarly journals Tissue mortality by Caribbean ciliate infection and white band disease in three reef-building coral species

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra Verde ◽  
Carolina Bastidas ◽  
Aldo Croquer
Keyword(s):  
Coral Species ◽  
Coral Cover ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Tissue Loss ◽  
Coral Tissue ◽  
Acropora Cervicornis ◽  
White Band ◽  
Orbicella Faveolata ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
White Band Disease

Caribbean ciliate infection (CCI) and white band disease (WBD) are diseases that affect a multitude of coral hosts and are associated with rapid rates of tissue losses, thus contributing to declining coral cover in Caribbean reefs. In this study we compared tissue mortality rates associated to CCI in three species of corals with different growth forms:Orbicella faveolata(massive-boulder),O. annularis(massive-columnar) andAcropora cervicornis(branching). We also compared mortality rates in colonies ofA. cervicornisbearing WBD and CCI. The study was conducted at two locations in Los Roques Archipelago National Park between April 2012 and March 2013. InA. cervicornis, the rate of tissue loss was similar between WBD (0.8 ± 1 mm/day, mean ± SD) and CCI (0.7 ± 0.9 mm/day). However, mortality rate by CCI inA. cervicorniswas faster than in the massive speciesO. faveolata(0.5 ± 0.6 mm/day) andO. annularis(0.3 ± 0.3 mm/day). Tissue regeneration was at least fifteen times slower than the mortality rates for both diseases regardless of coral species. This is the first study providing coral tissue mortality and regeneration rates associated to CCI in colonies with massive morphologies, and it highlights the risks of further cover losses of the three most important reef-building species in the Caribbean.

Ovarian Dysfunction in Fetally Irradiated Beagles

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 658-659
Author(s):  
T. M. Seed ◽  
M. H. Sanderson ◽  
D. L. Gutzeit ◽  
T. E. Fritz ◽  
D. V. Tolle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Ovarian Dysfunction ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation ◽  
Ovarian Pathology ◽  
Normal Offspring

The developing mammalian fetus is thought to be highly sensitive to ionizing radiation. However, dose, dose-rate relationships are not well established, especially the long term effects of protracted, low-dose exposure. A previous report (1) has indicated that bred beagle bitches exposed to daily doses of 5 to 35 R 60Co gamma rays throughout gestation can produce viable, seemingly normal offspring. Puppies irradiated in utero are distinguishable from controls only by their smaller size, dental abnormalities, and, in adulthood, by their inability to bear young.We report here our preliminary microscopic evaluation of ovarian pathology in young pups continuously irradiated throughout gestation at daily (22 h/day) dose rates of either 0.4, 1.0, 2.5, or 5.0 R/day of gamma rays from an attenuated 60Co source. Pups from non-irradiated bitches served as controls. Experimental animals were evaluated clinically and hematologically (control + 5.0 R/day pups) at regular intervals.

Ultrastructural investigations of MDL 19,660-induced effects on the canine platelet and megakaryocyte

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-375
Author(s):  
D.E. Loudy ◽  
J. Sprinkle-Cavallo ◽  
J.T. Yarrington ◽  
F.Y. Thompson ◽  
J.P. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Antidepressant Drug ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Platelet Counts ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Induced Aggregation ◽  
Internal Architecture

Previous short term toxicological studies of one to two weeks duration have demonstrated that MDL 19,660 (5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,4-dihydro-2,4-dimethyl-3Hl, 2,4-triazole-3-thione), an antidepressant drug, causes a dose-related thrombocytopenia in dogs. Platelet counts started to decline after two days of dosing with 30 mg/kg/day and continued to decrease to their lowest levels by 5-7 days. The loss in platelets was primarily of the small discoid subpopulation. In vitro studies have also indicated that MDL 19,660: does not spontaneously aggregate canine platelets and has moderate antiaggregating properties by inhibiting ADP-induced aggregation. The objectives of the present investigation of MDL 19,660 were to evaluate ultrastructurally long term effects on platelet internal architecture and changes in subpopulations of platelets and megakaryocytes.Nine male and nine female beagle dogs were divided equally into three groups and were administered orally 0, 15, or 30 mg/kg/day of MDL 19,660 for three months. Compared to a control platelet range of 353,000- 452,000/μl, a doserelated thrombocytopenia reached a maximum severity of an average of 135,000/μl for the 15 mg/kg/day dogs after two weeks and 81,000/μl for the 30 mg/kg/day dogs after one week.

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