scholarly journals Spatial patterns of coral survivorship: impacts of adult proximity versus other drivers of localized mortality

PeerJ ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. e1440 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Gibbs ◽  
Mark E. Hay
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spots ◽  
Pocillopora Damicornis ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Seriatopora Hystrix ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Natural Reefs ◽  
Selective Regime ◽  
Minimal Evidence ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Transplant Experiments

Species-specific enemies may promote prey coexistence through negative distance- and density-dependent survival of juveniles near conspecific adults. We tested this mechanism by transplanting juvenile-sized fragments of the brooding coralsPocillopora damicornisandSeriatopora hystrix3, 12, 24 and 182 cm up- and down-current of conspecific adults and monitoring their survival and condition over time. We also characterized the spatial distribution ofP. damicornisandS. hystrixwithin replicate plots on three Fijian reef flats and measured the distribution of small colonies within 2 m of larger colonies of each species. Juvenile-sized transplants exhibited no differences in survivorship as a function of distance from adultP. damicornisorS. hystrix. Additionally, bothP. damicornisandS. hystrixwere aggregated rather than overdispersed on natural reefs. However, a pattern of juveniles being aggregated near adults while larger (and probably older) colonies were not suggests that greater mortality near large adults could occur over longer periods of time or that size-dependent mortality was occurring. While we found minimal evidence of greater mortality of small colonies near adult conspecifics in our transplant experiments, we did document hot-spots of species-specific corallivory. We detected spatially localized and temporally persistent predation onP. damicornisby the territorial triggerfishBalistapus undulatus. This patchy predation did not occur forS. hystrix. This variable selective regime in an otherwise more uniform environment could be one mechanism maintaining diversity of corals on Indo-Pacific reefs.

An Ancient Retrovirus-like Element Contains Hot Spots for SINE Insertion

Genetics ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 158 (2) ◽  
pp. 769-777
Author(s):  
Michael A Cantrell ◽  
Brian J Filanoski ◽  
Angela R Ingermann ◽  
Katherine Olsson ◽  
Nicole DiLuglio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spots ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Common Ancestry ◽  
Specific Element ◽  
Sine Insertion ◽  
Specific Locus ◽  
Multiple Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Character ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Vertebrate retrotransposons have been used extensively for phylogenetic analyses and studies of molecular evolution. Information can be obtained from specific inserts either by comparing sequence differences that have accumulated over time in orthologous copies of that insert or by determining the presence or absence of that specific element at a particular site. The presence of specific copies has been deemed to be an essentially homoplasy-free phylogenetic character because the probability of multiple independent insertions into any one site has been believed to be nil. Mys elements are a type of LTR-containing retrotransposon present in Sigmodontine rodents. In this study we have shown that one particular insert, mys-9, is an extremely old insert present in multiple species of the genus Peromyscus. We have found that different copies of this insert show a surprising range of sizes, due primarily to a continuing series of SINE (short interspersed element) insertions into this locus. We have identified two hot spots for SINE insertion within mys-9 and at each hot spot have found that two independent SINE insertions have occurred at identical sites. These results have major repercussions for phylogenetic analyses based on SINE insertions, indicating the need for caution when one concludes that the existence of a SINE at a specific locus in multiple individuals is indicative of common ancestry. Although independent insertions at the same locus may be rare, SINE insertions are not homoplasy-free phylogenetic markers.

Welfare Assessment Tools in Zoos: From Theory to Practice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Narelle Jones ◽  
Sally Sherwen ◽  
Rachel Robbins ◽  
David McLelland ◽  
Alexandra Whittaker
Keyword(s):  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Welfare Assessment ◽  
Theory To Practice ◽  
Zoo Animals ◽  
Specific Assessment ◽  
Scoring Schemes ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Over Time

Zoos are increasingly putting in place formalized animal welfare assessment programs to allow monitoring of welfare over time, as well as to aid in resource prioritization. These programs tend to rely on assessment tools that incorporate resource-based and observational animal- focused measures since it is rarely feasible to obtain measures of physiology in zoo-housed animals. A range of assessment tools are available which commonly have a basis in the Five Domains framework. A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted to bring together recent studies examining welfare assessment methods in zoo animals. A summary of these methods is provided with advantages and limitations of the approach es presented. We then highlight practical considerations with respect to implementation of these tools into practice, for example scoring schemes, weighting of criteria, and innate animal factors for consideration. It is concluded that would be value in standardizing guidelines for development of welfare assessment tools since zoo accreditation bodies rarely prescribe these. There is also a need to develop taxon or species- specific assessment tools to inform welfare management.

STEPPING PATTERNS IN ANTS - INFLUENCE OF BODY MORPHOLOGY

1994 ◽  
Vol 192 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Zollikofer
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Functional Relationship ◽  
Coordination Pattern ◽  
Leg Length ◽  
Leg Extension ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Tripod Gait ◽  
Locomotory Behaviour ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Coordination Patterns

The locomotory behaviour of 12 ant species belonging to four different genera (Formicinae: Cataglyphis, Formica, Lasius; Myrmicinae: Myrmica) was studied by filming individuals during walking on smoked-glass plates. Subsequent multivariate analyses of walking kinematics and footfall positions showed marked species-specific as well as size-dependent differences in the locomotory behaviour. The geometric properties of the footfall patterns resulting from the alternating tripod gait scale to leg dimensions in a geometric manner. At high speed, footprint distances between succeeding tripods exceed maximum leg extension, indicating that ants are 'trotting' from one tripod to the next one with intermittent aerial phases. In at least one species (Cataglyphis bombycina), there is evidence for quadrupedal locomotion at the highest speed. The functional relationship between stride length (s, the distance between successive footprints of the same foot) and speed (v) was best described by a curvilinear model, s=avb. Exponent b ranges from 0.3 to 0.6 and reveals differences between species. Within species, exponent b is constant, whereas factor a scales to leg length. Females and males show metachronal interleg coordination patterns rather than the alternating tripod coordination pattern seen in workers of the same species.

25-Year Trends in Stage-Specific Incidence Rates for Bladder Cancer in a Large Statewide Registry

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-451
Author(s):  
Justin Loloi ◽  
Yu-Kuan Lin ◽  
Fabian Camacho ◽  
Eugene Lengerich ◽  
Jay D. Raman
Keyword(s):  
Bladder Cancer ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
The State ◽  
Distant Disease ◽  
Percent Change ◽  
The Past ◽  
Study Interval ◽  
Trends Over Time ◽  
Over Time

BACKGROUND: Bladder cancer (BC) is a common genitourinary malignancy with over 80,000 new cases diagnosed annually and over 17,000 associated deaths. OBJECTIVE: We review 25-years of BC incidence (1993-2017) within the state of Pennsylvania to better define incidence, geographic distribution, and trends over time. METHODS: The Pennsylvania Cancer Registry was reviewed for statewide and component county age-adjusted BC incidence rates and stage distribution. Chloropleth maps plotting statewide and county-specific incidence rates across time were created using the GeoDa statistical package. RESULTS: 93,476 cases of BC were recorded in Pennsylvania from 1993 to 2017. Age-adjusted annual rates of BC over the study interval were stable at 24.5 patients per 100,000 (range, 22.7–25.6). However, annual rates of distant disease increased from 0.5 to 1.1 patients per 100,000 (p < 0.001) with an average percent change increase of 6.6% over the study interval. The annual percent distribution of distant disease doubled from 2.3% to 5.1% (p < 0.001) with a greater increase in women compared to men. Chloropleth maps highlighted growing “hot spots” of bladder cancer incidence in the northwestern, northeastern, and southeastern portions of the state. CONCLUSIONS: While BC incidence in the state of Pennsylvania has remained relatively stable over the past 25 years, a concerning increase in distant disease was observed. Geospatial investigation implicates higher risk regions. Further studies are necessary to delineate the underlying etiologies for these observations.

The effect of ground surface rugosity on ant running speed is species-specific rather than size dependent

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Grevé ◽  
S. Bláha ◽  
J. Teuber ◽  
M. Rothmaier ◽  
H. Feldhaar
Keyword(s):  
Ground Surface ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Species Specific

Deflighting zoo birds and its welfare considerations

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Reese ◽  
M Ladwig-Wiegard ◽  
L von Fersen ◽  
G Haase ◽  
H Will ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Specific Level ◽  
Welfare Implications ◽  
Reduce Risk ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Over Time

For over a century the practice of deflighting has taken place in zoological collections in order to ensure birds remain in open-topped enclosures. Over time, efforts have been made to improve or develop new (surgical) techniques, reduce risk of complications during deflighting and minimise stress and pain during the procedure. However, increased public interest in issues of animal welfare has coincided with a questioning of the practice of removing a birds ability to fly. The ensuing debate, which continues to progress among a variety of differing stakeholders, has led to various legislative adjustments across a number of countries. Despite significant legislation, the dialogue has been both subjective and highly emotive. A plethora of opinions exist as to why deflighting should be outlawed, why it is necessary, or how it has the potential to improve a birds living conditions. However, most are based on assumption or issues unrelated to welfare. To the authors knowledge, to date, no scientific data have been published on the welfare implications of deflighting for the commonly deflighted bird species, such as waterfowl, flamingos (Phoenicopteridae), pelicans (Pelecanidae), storks (Ciconiidae), cranes (Gruidae) and herons (Ardeidae). The aim of this study is to present an overview of the relevance of deflighting to zoo husbandry, the species primarily affected, the techniques currently in use, the legality in differing countries and the extent of scientific knowledge as regards potential ethological and welfare concerns. An urgent need for evidence-based studies is highlighted, to further inform this practice at a species-specific level.

Spatial ecology of the Mariana Crow Corvus kubaryi: Implications for management strategies

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 527-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
SARAH K. FAEGRE ◽  
LINDSEY NIETMANN ◽  
DYLAN HUBL ◽  
JAMES C. HA ◽  
RENEE R. HA
Keyword(s):  
Home Range ◽  
Spatial Ecology ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Spatial Behaviour ◽  
Island Endemic ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Over Time

SummaryKnowledge of species-specific spatial ecology is critical for applying appropriate management strategies to maximise conservation outcomes. We used radio-telemetry to describe spatial behaviour of the critically endangered, island-endemic Mariana Crow Corvus kubaryi. To determine whether management strategies should reflect life stage, we measured the home ranges and daily movements of 22 Mariana Crows. Fledgling mobility was low during the first 31 days post-fledging and effects of age (fledgling or sub-adult) and time (months post-fledging or post-dispersal) were often driven entirely by this period. After controlling for reduced fledgling mobility, cumulative home range size increased over time for both age classes and was, on average, more than twice the area for sub-adults than fledglings. Sub-adults also tended to make longer daily movements than fledglings. Non-cumulative, monthly home range areas did not increase over time but the average overlap in home range area between consecutive months was only 63%, suggesting large shifts in space use each month. These results highlight the dynamic nature of Mariana Crow home ranges and suggest that large-scale management efforts are critical for protecting both breeding and non-breeding individuals. The application of the traditional home range concept to Mariana Crows and other wide-ranging passerine birds may result in sub-optimal management strategies. Instead, we recommend that the spatial and temporal scale of conservation efforts be informed by species-specific spatial behaviour across all relevant life stages.

scholarly journals SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF CRIME HOT-SPOT IN THE NORTHEAST PENANG ISLAND DISTRICT AND KUCHING DISTRICT, MALAYSIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarmiji Masron ◽  
Mohd Norashad Nordin ◽  
Nur Faziera Yaakub ◽  
Norita Jubit
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Hot Spot Analysis ◽  
Police Station ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Spatial Analysis Of Crime ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Spot Analysis

Over time, the relation between criminal acts with drug abuse cases has been discussed pedantically. From social and spatial points of view, this paper aims to determine the hot spot areas of burglary cases in the Northeast Penang Island District and Kuching District. The gained results of burglary cases are then being correlated with the presence of drug abuse cases. Both study areas came with location coordinates of the incident based on police stations boundaries and police station sector boundaries from the year 2015. The type of analysis used for this research is Optimized Hot Spot Analysis. Results for burglary cases of both areas are divided into two (2) which are daytime and nighttime. The spatial analysis revealed that there are five (5) sectors identified as hot spots for the Northeast Penang Island District which involve Jelutong Police Station boundary and Ayer Itam Police Station boundary, while none of the areas identified as hot spot areas in Kuching District.

scholarly journals Hybrid systems approach to modeling stochastic dynamics of cell size

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesar Augusto Vargas-Garcia ◽  
Abhyudai Singh
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Constant Growth Rate ◽  
Division Rate ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Constant Growth ◽  
Over Time

A ubiquitous feature of all living cells is their growth over time followed by division into two daughter cells. How a population of genetically identical cells maintains size homeostasis, i.e., a narrow distribution of cell size, is an intriguing fundamental problem. We model size using a stochastic hybrid system, where a cell grows exponentially over time and probabilistic division events are triggered at discrete time intervals. Moreover, whenever these events occur, size is randomly partitioned among daughter cells. We first consider a scenario, where a timer (i.e., cell-cycle clock) that measures the time since the last division event regulates cellular growth and the rate of cell division. Analysis reveals that such a timer-driven system cannot achieve size homeostasis, in the sense that, the cell-to-cell size variation grows unboundedly with time. To explore biologically meaningful mechanisms for controlling size we consider three different classes of models: i) a size-dependent growth rate and timer-dependent division rate; ii) a constant growth rate and size-dependent division rate and iii) a constant growth rate and division rate that depends both on the cell size and timer. We show that each of these strategies can potentially achieve bounded intercellular size variation, and derive closed-form expressions for this variation in terms of underlying model parameters. Finally, we discuss how different organisms have adopted the above strategies for maintaining cell size homeostasis.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document