scholarly journals Mapping the hidden diversity of the Geophagus sensu stricto species group (Cichlidae: Geophagini) from the Amazon basin

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12443
Author(s):  
Aline Mourão Ximenes ◽  
Pedro Senna Bittencourt ◽  
Valéria Nogueira Machado ◽  
Tomas Hrbek ◽  
Izeni Pires Farias
Keyword(s):  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
South American ◽  
Undescribed Species ◽  
Species Discovery ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Lineage Diversity

South American freshwater ichthyofauna is taxonomically the most diverse on the planet, yet its diversity is still vastly underestimated. The Amazon basin alone holds more than half of this diversity. The evidence of this underestimation comes from the backlog of morphologically distinct, yet undescribed forms deposited in museum collections, and from DNA-based inventories which consistently identify large numbers of divergent lineages within even well-studied species groups. In the present study, we investigated lineage diversity within the Geophagus sensu stricto species group. To achieve these objectives, we analyzed 337 individuals sampled from 77 locations within and outside the Amazon basin representing 10 nominal and six morphologically distinct but undescribed species. We sequenced the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and delimited lineages using four different single-locus species discovery methods (mPTP-15 lineages; LocMin-14 lineages; bGMYC-18 lineages; and GMYC-30 lineages). The six morphologically distinct but undescribed species were also delimited by the majority of the species discovery methods. Five of these lineages are restricted to a single collection site or a watershed and their habitats are threatened by human activities such as deforestation, agricultural activities and construction of hydroelectric plants. Our results also highlight the importance of combining DNA and morphological data in biodiversity assessment studies especially in taxonomically diverse tropical biotas.

Seven new species of the Neotropical electric fish Gymnotus (Teleostei, Gymnotiformes) with a redescription of G. carapo (Linnaeus)

Zootaxa ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 287 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES S. ALBERT ◽  
WILLIAM G.R. CRAMPTON
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Andean Cordillera ◽  
Early Diversification ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Pacific Slope ◽  
Group 1

Seven new species of Gymnotus are described, and a redescription of the type species G. carapo sensu-stricto Linnaeus (G. carapo s.s.) is provided, from examination of populations from throughout tropical South and Middle America. The new species are described on the basis of unique combinations of characters. Five of the new species are members of the G. carapo species-group: 1, Gymnotus choco n. sp., from the Baudó and Atrato basins on the Pacific and Caribbean slopes of Colombia; 2, Gymnotus esmeraldas n. sp., from the Esmeraldas and Guayaquil basins on the Pacific Slope of Ecuador; 3, Gymnotus henni n. sp., from the Calima and Juradó basins on the Pacific Slope of Colombia; 4, Gymnotus paraguensis n. sp., from the Paraguay basin; 5, Gymnotustigre n. sp., from the Amazon basin of Ecuador, Peru and Brazil. Two of the new species are members of the G. pantherinus species-group: 1, Gymnotus javari n. sp., from the Amazon, Napo, Javarí, and Ucayali basins; 2, Gymnotus panamensis n. sp., from Atlantic slope of western Panama. Gymnotus carapo s.s. is restricted to the Amazon and Orinoco basins, the Island of Trinidad, the coastal basins of the Guianas, and the Brazilian state of Piauí. Six allopatric populations of G. carapo s.s are recognized from differences in the mean, modal or median values of morphometric and meristic traits: 1, Eastern Amazon; 2, Parnaíba and Itapicuru basins; 3, Branco basin; 4; Guiana Shield, Orinoco basin and Island of Trinidad; 5, Madeira basin of Brazil, Bolivia and Peru; 6, Western Amazon basin of Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Four of the new species representing both the G. carapo and G. pantherinus species-groups inhabit waters to the west of the Andean Cordillera. The biogeographic distributions of these species-groups suggest origins and early diversification before the most recent Andean orogeny, c. 8–12 mya.

scholarly journals Genetic delimitation of Pristimantis orestes (Lynch, 1979) and P. saturninoi Brito et al., 2017 and description of two new terrestrial frogs from the Pristimantis orestes species group (Anura, Strabomantidae)

ZooKeys ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 864 ◽  
pp. 111-146
Author(s):  
Veronica L. Urgiles ◽  
Paul Székely ◽  
Diana Székely ◽  
Nicholas Christodoulides ◽  
Juan C. Sanchez-Nivicela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Dorsal Skin ◽  
Type Series ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Genetic Assessment ◽  
A New Species

In the genus Pristimantis, species are often combined into taxonomic units called species groups. The taxonomy of these groups is frequently inaccurate due to the absence of genetic data from type series and repeated misidentifications generated by high morphological resemblance between taxa. Here, we focus on the P.orestes species group, providing the first genetic assessment of P.orestes sensu stricto from individuals collected from the type locality, with a reviewed diagnosis and description of advertisement calls. We find that two lineages previously named P.orestes are genetically distinct and should be separated into two different species. Based on genetic and morphological data, we name one of these species P.cajanumasp. nov. This new species is morphologically distinct from other members of the group by having shagreen dorsal skin, evident dorsolateral folds, broader discs on toes and fingers and pale gray ventral coloration. Additionally, P.saturninoi is placed within the P.orestes species group based on genetic data from its type series. However, we find that one of its paratypes is genetically distinct and belongs to a clade containing a new species we name P.quintanaisp. nov. This new species is morphologically distinguished by lacking a tympanic membrane and vocal sacs in males, and by having expanded discs on toes and fingers, finely tuberculated dorsal skin and irregular white or cream spots in the groin and concealed surfaces of thighs. Our findings highlight the importance of providing genetic characterization and placement from the type series in taxonomic challenging groups, such as Pristimantis. We also suggest that the diversity of species within the P.orestes group will increase as more sampling is achieved in the southern Andes of Ecuador.

Comparative morphology and species-groups of the oribatid mite genus Scapheremaeus (Acari: Oribatida: Cymbaeremaeidae), with new species from South Australia

Zootaxa ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2213 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
MATTHEW J. COLLOFF
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Oribatid Mite ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Biosphere Reserve ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Comparative Morphology ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Undescribed Species ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Semi Arid

The morphology of the genus Scapheremaeus Berlese, 1910 is reviewed and characters of taxonomic utility delineated. Based on the morphological review, some 13 species-groups are outlined based on major morphotypes. There are two main categories: i) species that have a complete circumdorsal scissure with plicate microsculpture on the circumnotogastral plate and strongly contrasting microsculpture (foveolae, ridges or tubercles) on the centrodorsal plate (plicate species-groups), and ii) species with the circumdorsal scissure complete, incomplete or absent but with little or no contrast in microsculpture between the central and lateral regions: typically both regions foveolate or reticulate (non- plicate species-groups). A catalogue of world species of Scapheremaeus is provided. Scapheremaeus petrophagus (Banks, 1906) is not a Scapheremaeus but belongs to an undetermined genus in the Ameronothroidea. Cymbaeremaeus cyclops Oudemans, 1915 is recombined to Scapheremaeus. Five new species are described (S. angusi sp. nov., S. cheloniella sp. nov., S. ewani sp. nov., S. lambieae sp. nov., and S. pulleni sp. nov.) from soil and litter habitats in semi-arid Mallee eucalypt vegetation at Bookmark Biosphere Reserve, South Australia. These are the first members of the genus Scapheremaeus to be described from Australia, though undescribed species have been recorded previously. All the new species are morphologically closely-related and belong to a single species-group: Carinatus.

A revision of the Myopsalta crucifera (Ashton) species group (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettini) with 14 new species from mainland Australia

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4340 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
LINDSAY W. POPPLE
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Undescribed Species ◽  
Key To Species ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Song Types

The genus Myopsalta Moulds is distributed throughout much of Australia. Previous studies have associated several undescribed species with the Myopsalta crucifera (Ashton) species complex. The present study informally divides the cicadas in the genus Myopsalta into two species groups. It provides a revision of the M. crucifera species group, which includes redescriptions of M. crucifera s. str. and M. mackinlayi (Distant). The identity of the latter species is further refined and attributed to material formerly presented under the name Myopsalta atrata (Goding & Froggatt). In addition to the redescriptions, 14 new species belonging to the M. crucifera species group are described, including M. albiventris n. sp., M. bassiana n. sp., M. chrysopedia n. sp., M. gordoni n. sp., M. leona n. sp., M. longicauda n. sp., M. majurae n. sp., M. melanobasis n. sp., M. parvula n. sp., M. platyptera n. sp., M. riverina n. sp., M. septa n. sp., M. umbra n. sp. and M. xerograsidia n. sp. A key to species in the genus Myopsalta is provided. Standard morphological descriptions and descriptions of calling songs unique to each species are included along with a discussion on different song types in the M. crucifera species group. 

Phylogenetic analysis of the Neotropical Pristimantis leptolophus species group (Anura: Craugastoridae): molecular approach and description of a new polymorphic species 

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4242 (2) ◽  
pp. 313
Author(s):  
MAURICIO RIVERA-CORREA ◽  
CARLOS JIMÉNEZ-RIVILLAS ◽  
JUAN M. DAZA
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Polymorphic Species ◽  
Species Groups

Pristimantis, distributed throughout the New World tropics, is the most speciose vertebrate genus. Pristimantis presents an enormous morphological diversity and is currently divided into several demonstrably non-monophyletic phenetic species groups. With the purpose of increasing our understanding of Pristimantis systematics, we present the first phylogenetic analysis using molecular evidence to test the monophyly and infer evolutionary relationships within the Pristimantis leptolophus group, an endemic group of frogs from the highlands of the Colombian Andes. Our phylogenetic reconstruction recovers the group as monophyletic with high support, indicating general concordance between molecular data and morphological data. In addition, we describe a new polymorphic species lacking conspicuous tubercles, a regular attribute among species of the P. leptolophus species group and endemic from the Páramo de Sonsón complex (Antioquia, Colombia). The phylogenetic position of the new species is inferred and other systematic implications in the light of our results are discussed. 

NEOTROPICAL PANDELETEIUS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) WITH IRREGULAR ELYTRAL STRIAE

1996 ◽  
Vol 128 (5) ◽  
pp. 877-955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne T. Howden
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
New World ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Female Genitalia ◽  
South American ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
New Synonymy

AbstractSeven species-groups comprising 20 species in the New World genus Pandeleteius are described or redescribed; they are recognized by their irregular elytral striae and their well-developed stylus on the coxite of the female genitalia. The species-groups and their composition are as follows: P. biseriatus species-group—P. biseriatus (Kirsch), P. confinis sp.nov., P. subtilis sp.nov., P. thomasi sp.nov.; P. pollinosus species-group—P. pollinosus sp.nov., P. mesosternalis sp.nov.; P. porosus species-group—P. porosus (Boheman) (P. aspericollis Hustache, new synonymy), P. spinipennis sp.nov., P. scorpioides sp.nov., P. semiconnatus sp.nov., P. connatus sp.nov., P. torosus sp.nov.; P. upsilon species-group—P. upsilon Howden, P. penai sp.nov., P. baccatus sp.nov., P. cornelli sp.nov., P. smithsoni sp.nov.; P. assimilis Voss (monobasic species-group); P. colatus sp.nov. (monobasic species-group); and P. latirostris (Hustache) (monobasic species-group).Lectotypes are designated for Menetypus aspericollis Hustache and Pandeleteius assimilis Voss.All species are South American except P. thomasi, which is Mesoamerican.Host plants are unknown but adults of five species are recorded as feeding on leaves of various Caesalpinaceae and Mimosaceae.

Contrasting species diversification of Eutarsopolipus (Acariformes: Podapolipidae) on Castelnaudia and Notonomus (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4971 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-74
Author(s):  
OWEN D. SEEMAN
Keyword(s):  
Mite Species ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Carabid Beetles ◽  
Undescribed Species ◽  
Single Male ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Large Genus ◽  
Speciation Rates ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Multiple Species

Eutarsopolipus (Acari: Podapolipidae) is a large genus of mites parasitic in the subelytral space of carabid beetles. Herein, I explore the species radiations of Eutarsopolipus on the pterostichine genera Castelnaudia and Notonomus found in the rainforests of eastern Australia. Castelnaudia has an extraordinary radiation of podapolipid mite species, with most beetle species carrying multiple species of mites unique to each host. In contrast, each Notonomus species had just one species of Eutarsopolipus (with the exception of a single male mite of another species), and in four of the five host species examined, the single mite species could not be distinguished from each other. The host beetles and their new mite species are: Castelnaudia cordata with E. hebronae sp. nov., E. osculum sp. nov. and E. umbonatus sp. nov.; Castelnaudia eungella with E. savatus sp. nov.; Castelnaudia marginifera with E. labiatus sp. nov.; Castelnaudia mixta with E. mixtus sp. nov.; Castelnaudia porphyriaca with E. basiatus sp. nov., E. despoticus sp. nov. and E. teuceri sp. nov.; Castelnaudia septemcostata with E. nahmani sp. nov. and E. raveni sp. nov.; Castelnaudia setosiceps with E. hadros sp. nov.; Notonomus aurifer, N. dimorphicus, N. flos and N. spurgeoni with E. janus sp. nov.; and Notonomus transitus with E. biuncatus sp. nov.  All the described species from Castelnaudia were from the ochoai species group, and the species on Notonomus were from the leytei species group. Ten additional undescribed species were also found on these hosts, all in numbers insufficient for description: nine from Castelnaudia (ochoai and pterostichi species groups) and one from Notonomus (undetermined species group). Synhospitality was common on Castelnaudia, with four species of Eutarsopolipus on C. cordata, C. eungella, C. porphyriaca and three on C. septemcostata. Co-infestation was also common, with one-third of infested beetles hosting two or more species of Eutarsopolipus. I speculate that the greater longevity and slower speciation rates of Castelnaudia have permitted more successful host-switching and speciation of its parasites. 

scholarly journals Taxonomic complexity in the genus Merodon Meigen, 1803 (Diptera, Syrphidae)

ZooKeys ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1031 ◽  
pp. 85-124
Author(s):  
Ante Vujić ◽  
Snežana Radenković ◽  
Laura Likov ◽  
Sanja Veselić
Keyword(s):  
Species Group ◽  
Identification Key ◽  
Undescribed Species ◽  
Afrotropical Region ◽  
Species Groups

The genus Merodon Meigen, 1803 is distributed across the Palaearctic and Afrotropical Regions. The present work summarizes the knowledge from recent taxonomic and systematic revisions and includes an identification key for the five monophyletic lineages (namely albifrons, aureus, avidus-nigritarsis, desuturinus and natans), 24 species groups, two species subgroups and 10 unplaced species, along with diagnosis and illustrations. A list of 234 taxa, including 194 described and 40 undescribed species, is appended. Most of the species are distributed in the Palaearctic (209 taxa, 181 described), while 27 species (14 described) are known from the Afrotropical Region. Three lineages (aureus, desuturinus and natans) are present in the Afrotropical Region, as well as in the Palaearctic. The Afrotropical melanocerus species group of the desuturinus lineage and the bombiformis species group of the aureus lineage are endemic to the Afrotropical Region, and all other species groups belong to the Palaearctic fauna. The albifrons lineage contains six species groups (albifrons, constans, equestris, geniculatus, ruficornis and rufus) and two unplaced taxa. The aureus lineage includes five species groups (aureus, bombiformis, funestus, nanus and spinitarsis). The avidus-nigritarsis lineage is divided into 10 species groups (aberrans, aurifer, avidus, clavipes, fulcratus, italicus, nigritarsis, pruni, serrulatus and tarsatus) and eight unplaced taxa. The desuturinus lineage contains two species groups: the Afrotropical melanocerus group, with the melanocerus and planifacies subgroups plus the species M. cuthbertsoni Curran, 1939, and the Palaearctic murorum species group. The natans lineage consists of the natans species group plus the species M. segetum Fabricius, 1794.

Cryptic species diversity and character congruence: review of the tribe Anthracini (Diptera : Bombyliidae) in Australia

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 977 ◽  
Author(s):  
David K. Yeates ◽  
Christine L. Lambkin
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Cryptic Species ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Wing Patterns ◽  
Species Groups

The Australian Anthracini are revised. In all, 28 new species are described, bringing the total fauna to 34 species. The previously described species of Anthrax Scopoli – A. maculatus Macquart, A. incomptus Walker, A. confluensisRoberts, A. lepidiotus Roberts and A. proconcisus Hardy – are diagnosed and the following eight new species of Anthrax are described: A. argentia, A. asciculus, A. clinatus, A. crenatus, A. dolabratus, A. funestus, A. opacus and A. torulus. This taxonomic study reveals a group of at least 20 cryptic species previously included in collections under the name Anthrax angularis Thomson. A new genus, Thraxan, is erected to contain this cryptic group of species and the following 20 new species are described: T. acutus, T. abditus, T. caligneus, T. cinctus, T. cornuatus, T. depressus, T. echinatus, T. ebenus, T. emicatus, T. hamulus, T. luteus, T. misatulus, T. nodus, T. norrisi, T. obstipus, T. patielus, T. planus, T. prolatus, T. simulatusand T. spiculus. Many of these cryptic species have been collected sympatrically, hill topping together in eastern Australia. A key is provided to the species of Anthrax and Thraxan, genitalia drawings are presented for most species and distribution maps of all species are presented. A cladistic analysis of the species of Anthrax and Thraxan is also presented. A total of 26 of the species is compared for 125 synapomorphies in 39 adult morphological characters. Three species-groups were found: Thraxan, and two species-groups within Anthrax, the A. proconcisus species-group and the A. maculatusspecies-group. Previous authors divided Anthrax into species-groups on the basis of wing patterns, but found that these species-groups were not confirmed when other characters were taken into consideration. We studied the congruence of seven different character sets within the clade comprising Anthrax and Thraxan – antennae, venation, wing patterns, vestiture, genitalia, male genitalia and female genitalia – using several incongruence indices. Significance of incongruence was measured using a randomisation procedure. Results of these studies indicate that the wing-pattern character set is significantly incongruent with the other morphological data. These quantitative cladistic results explain the difficulty previous authors experienced in finding suites of characters to support species-groups in Anthrax on the basis of wing patterns. A relationship is found between the level of incongruence and the distance over which mate-recognition signals operate.

scholarly journals Taxonomic review of the Tribe Melaenini (Coleoptera: Carabidae), with observations on morphological, ecological and chorological evolution

Zootaxa ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 1099 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
GEORGE E. BALL ◽  
DANNY SHPELEY
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Taxonomic Review ◽  
Eastern Hemisphere ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
New Synonymy

A taxonomic review of the tribe Melaenini (sensu novo), this paper includes a classification, keys at all taxonomic levels, descriptions (tribe to species), re-rankings, and new synonymy. In total, two genera and 22 species (three of which are new) are treated. Arrangement of taxa is in the following sequence, with junior synonyms and type localities of new species in parentheses, following name of the taxon. The Eastern Hemisphere genus Melaenus Dejean, 1831 includes M. piger (Fabricius, 1801), and M. elegans Dejean, 1831 (with M. elongatus Chaudoir, 1843, as a new junior synonym), which exhibits marked dimorphism in East Africa. The genus Cymbionotum Baudi di Selve, 1864 includes 20 species, arranged in two subgenera, as follows. The Western Hemisphere Procoscinia, n. subg. (type species, C. fernandezi, n. sp. [Zambrano, Bolivar, Colombia]), includes the type species and C. negrei Perrault, 1994. The Eastern Hemisphere subgenus Cymbionotum (sensu stricto) includes 18 species in three species groups, and three superspecies. The basale species group includes two species: C. semirubricum (Reitter, 1914) (new junior synonyms Graniger aethiopicus Alluaud, 1923, C. minax Andrewes, 1935, and C. a. airense Basilewsky, 1950), and C. basale (Dejean, 1831). The semelederi species group includes three species: C. semelederi (Chaudoir, 1851) (new junior synonyms, Coscinia funerula Fairmaire, 1885, Cymbionotum luniferum Andrewes 1935, and Graniger houskai Jedli…ka, 1951), C. striatum Reitter, 1894, and C. mandli Jedli…ka, 1963.

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