scholarly journals Assessment of agro-morphological, physiological and yield traits diversity among tropical rice

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11752
Author(s):  
Naqeebullah Kakar ◽  
Raju Bheemanahalli ◽  
Salah Jumaa ◽  
Edilberto Redoña ◽  
Marilyn L. Warburton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Yield Traits ◽  
Southern Us ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Rice Genotypes ◽  
Selection For

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an essential staple food crop, but the per acre average rice yield is less than its substantial potential in many countries. Rice breeders and growers would benefit from a robust genotypes with better morpho-physiological and yield-related traits. Here, seventy-four new rice genotypes were phenotyped over two years for their gas exchange and yield potential-related traits under Mississippi rice-growing conditions. A wide range of variability was observed among genotypes for all measured traits. Detailed phenotyping of rice genotypes revealed two key relationships that function together to contribute to yield potential under the southern US climate. The first one, grain yield, grain number, and spikelet fertility, showed considerable correlation (r = 0.45 to 0.79, p < 0.001) to harvest index. Conversely, days to anthesis had a high and negative correlation with harvest index (r = −0.79, p < 0.001), which suggests that selection for short duration genotypes with efficient partitioning could improve the yields under southern US climatic conditions. Additive response index revealed a higher positive association with yield traits (R2 = 0.59) than physiological (R2 = 0.28) and morphological traits (R2 = 0.21). Compared with the commercial genotype Rex, 21.6% and 47.3% of the rice genotypes had a higher gas exchange and yield response scores. IR08A172, IR07K142 and IR07F287 were ranked as high performers in physiological and yield response indices. Our study highlights that selection for short-duration yield-related traits with efficient sink capacity traits is desirable for future breeding programs.

Correlation and path analysis of morpho-physiological and yield traits in boro rice (Oryza sativa L.)

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shantanu Das ◽  
Debojit Sarma
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Phenotypic Correlation ◽  
Path Coefficient ◽  
Yield Traits ◽  
Biological Yield ◽  
Rice Genotypes ◽  
Correlation And Path Analysis ◽  
Positive Direct

Thirty rice genotypes of local and exotic origin were analyzed to ascertain the genotypic and phenotypic correlation among 21 morpho-physiological and yield traits and their direct/ indirect contribution to grain yield under <italic>boro</italic> season. The result revealed that grain yield per plant had significant positive correlation with biological yield (0.927**, 0.766**), harvest index (0.748**, 0.658**), days to first flowering (0.459*, 0.377*), panicle length (0.501**, 0.445*), grains per panicle (0.576**, 0.484**) and 1000 grain weight (0.573**, 0.460*) at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Path coefficient analyses at both genotypic and phenotypic levels revealed high positive direct effect of biological yield (0.7181) and harvest index (0.6382) on grain yield per plant. Thus direct selection for grain yield per plant and indirect selection through these characters would be effective to improve yield in <italic>boro</italic> rice.

Effect of sowing time and nitrogen on rice cultivars of differing growth duration in New South Wales. 1. Yield and yield components

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 933 ◽  
Author(s):  
RF Reinke ◽  
LG Lewin ◽  
RL Williams
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Growth Duration ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Long Duration

New South Wales rice crops commonly take >180 days from sowing to harvest, and a reduction in crop duration is sought to increase the efficiency of rice production. The response of rice cultivars of differing growth duration to sowing time and N application was examined across 2 growing seasons. The highest yields were obtained at early sowing dates in each season. In season 2, the maximum yield of the short-duration cultivar M101 was not significantly different to the long-duration cultivars Calrose, Pelde, and M7, with yields >12 t/ha. However, yield of cv. M101 was significantly less than the long-duration cultivars at an early sowing date in season 1. Analysis of yield components did not clearly indicate the reason for reduced yield of the short duration cultivar. Damage by birds and mice before harvest, exacerbated by early maturity, is a possible cause.Later sowing reduced yields of all cultivars, with the short-duration cultivar-least affected. Optimum N application decreased with delay in sowing. At early sowings there was a positive yield response to increasing N, whereas at the latest sowings in each season the N response was negative for all cultivars. Where the yield response to applied N was positive, the yield component most associated with yield was the number of florets per unit area (r = 0.55). Where the yield response was negative, yield reductions were primarily caused by a reduction in the proportion of filled grains (r = 0.83). Minimum temperatures during the reproductive stage of each cultivar explained only a small amount of the variation in percentage of filled grain. Low minimum temperatures during the reproductive stage were not the sole cause of the reduction in proportion of filled grains of late-sown, high-N plots. The high yield potential of short-duration cultivars in The high yield potential of short-duration cultivars in the New South Wales rice-growing area is clearly demonstrated, as is the value of such cultivars where late sowing is unavoidable.

The yield of durum wheats released in Mexico between 1960 and 1984

1987 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 469-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Waddington ◽  
M. Osmanzai ◽  
M. Yoshida ◽  
J. K. Ransom
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Breeding Strategy ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Ground Biomass ◽  
Advanced Line ◽  
Selection For

SummaryTwo trials designed to measure progress in the yield of durum wheat cultivars released in Mexico by the Institute Nacional de Investigaciones Agrícolas over the period 1960–84 were grown in the Yaqui Valley, Sonora, Mexico, during the 1983–4 and 1984–5 cropping seasons. The trials compared grain yield, above-ground biomass, harvest index (ratio of dry grain yield to dry above-ground biomass), yield components, grain-growth rates and phenological characters for eight key cultivars and the modern advanced line, Carcomun ‘S’, when grown at a high level of agronomic inputs and management.The grain yield of durum wheat was estimated to have risen for 25 years of breeding from 3·70 to 8·40 t/ha. The estimated average annual rates of increase in grain yield for the periods 1960–71 and 1971–85 were 251 and 121 kg/ha respectively. Grain yield improvements were based on a linear increase in the number of grains/m2 over the 25-year period, the result of more grains per spikelet. An improved above-ground biomass at maturity was a feature of the two modern genotypes, Altar 84 and Carcomun ‘S’. Harvest index increased with each new cultivar up to the release of Mexicali 75 in 1975, but thereafter the higher grain yields achieved with the modern genotypes were not associated with a higher harvest index. Thousand-grain weight remained steady for the released cultivars but fell slightly for the advanced line Carcomun ‘S’. Improvements in yield were not associated with a longer cropping cycle.It is concluded that a breeding strategy combining selection for morphological characters thought to confer high yield potential, such as a more erect leaf posture and high number of grains per spikelet, with selection for grain yield per se has been successful in improving the grain yield of durum wheats adapted to north-west Mexico. Improvements have come not only in the size of the grain sink and the efficiency of assimilate partition to grain but also in the biomass produced above ground.

Relative yield and profit of Australian hybrid compared with open-pollinated canola is largely determined by growing-season rainfall

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heping Zhang ◽  
Jens D. Berger ◽  
Mark Seymour ◽  
Rohan Brill ◽  
Chris Herrmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Technology ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Herbicide Tolerance ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Roundup Ready ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Cost

Australian canola growers have new technology options including hybrid and herbicide technologies, which have offered yield and profitability advantages in other canola-growing regions of the world. This study compared the yield and gross margins of hybrid and open-pollinated (OP) canola from different herbicide tolerance groups: triazine-tolerant, Roundup Ready, Clearfield and conventional across a wide range of environments in south-western Australia, and in the National Variety Trial network in southern Australia to investigate the relative advantages of these technologies. There were significant differences in yield responsiveness between hybrid and OP canola, the magnitude of which was determined by the growing-season rainfall/available water to the crop. Hybrid out-yielded OP canola in favourable environments where rainfall was high and the growing season was long. However, in areas of low rainfall where yield potential was low, hybrids showed little yield advantage over OP. In contrast, there were no differences in yield response between the four herbicide tolerance groups across the rainfall zones. The economic analysis showed that the break-even yield for hybrids versus OP canola was 1.25 t/ha for triazine-tolerant canola, 0.7 t/ha for Roundup Ready canola, and 1.7 t/ha for hybrid Clearfield canola. The gross margin analysis suggested that hybrid triazine-tolerant, Clearfield and Roundup Ready canola was more profitable than the OP system in the medium (growing-season rainfall of 265–330 mm) and high (330 mm) rainfall environments, but not profitable in the lower (<265 mm) rainfall area because the cost associated with hybrid seed outweighed the small yield benefit. The sensitivity analysis indicated that ± 10% changes in canola price and seed cost shifted the break-even yield by ± 0.1 t/ha. Our study makes a case for Australian canola breeders to maintain OP canola varieties, rather than shifting their focus entirely to hybrids, to underpin continued productivity and profitability in lower rainfall areas.

scholarly journals PERENNIAL GRAINS FOR AFRICA: POSSIBILITY OR PIPEDREAM?

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
SIEGLINDE SNAPP ◽  
PAUL ROGÉ ◽  
PATRICK OKORI ◽  
REGIS CHIKOWO ◽  
BRAD PETER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Missed Opportunities ◽  
Grain Crops ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Perennial Grains ◽  
Perennial Grain

SUMMARYPerennial grain crops have been proposed as a transformative approach to agriculture. Replacing annual staple crops with perennialized growth types of the same crops could provide environmental services, improve labour efficiency and weather resilience, reduce seed costs and produce livestock fodder or fuelwood production. Yet, the technologies and science for agricultural development in Africa have focused almost exclusively on annuals. In this paper, we review the literature to explore what has been potentially overlooked, including missed opportunities as well as the disadvantages associated with perennial grains. The case studies of pigeon pea and sorghum are considered, as an analogue for perennial grain crops in Africa. We find that a substantial number of farmers persist in ‘perennializing’ pigeon pea systems through ratoon management, and that sorghum ratoons are widely practiced in some regions. In contrast, many crop scientists are not interested in perennial traits or ratoon management, citing the potential of perennials to harbour disease, and modest yield potential. Indeed, an overriding prioritization of high grain yield response to fertilizer, and not including accessory products such as fodder or soil fertility, has led to multipurpose, perennial life forms being overlooked. Agronomists are encouraged to consider a wide range of indicators of performance for a sustainable approach to agriculture, one that includes management for diversity in crop growth habits.

Agronomic studies on the productivity of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L. cv. Guatemala 4) under rainfed and irrigated conditions in the Northern Territory

1990 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 395 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Muchow ◽  
JD Sturtz ◽  
MF Spillman ◽  
GE Routley ◽  
S Kaplan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Northern Territory ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Rainfall Season ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Average Rainfall

Field experiments were conducted at Berrimah, Douglas Daly and Katherine in the Northern Territory (NT) during the 1987-88 and 1988-89 wet seasons to obtain yield data for kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinzis L. cv. Guatemala 4) grown under rainfed and irrigated conditions. Under rainfed conditions, maximum stem yield was obtained from sowings early in the wet season. Yield decreased with delay in sowing until the late-December-January period. The maximum rainfed stem yield at Katherine in an above-average rainfall season was 18 400 kg/ha. The maximum yield in a below average rainfall season was 11 700 kg/ha at Katherine, 9200 kg/ha at Douglas Daly and 9400 kg/ha at Berrimah. The applicability to the NT of growth and yield relationships established for irrigated kenaf in the Ord Irrigation Area (OIA) was assessed. The yield potential under irrigated conditions in the NT (21 600 kg/ha at 131 days after sowing) was higher than that reported elsewhere in Australia for the same growth period, but similar to that reported elsewhere for longer growth duration (180-300 days). In the NT, in contrast to the OIA, stem yield showed little or no response to N fertilisation. Stem yield was not related to N uptake, and at high levels of N application, there was marked N accumulation in the stem. Kenaf was able to accumulate up to 110 kg N/ha from the soil reserve where no N was applied. The yield response to plant density varied with the yield level and was similar to that in the OIA. Bark and core yield could be estimated directly from biomass, and indirectly from stem length and plant density, over a wide range of yield levels and cultural conditions. It was concluded that data relating to yield potential and response to N fertilisation cannot be transferred directly from the OIA to the NT.

Modelling yield response of a traditional and a modern barley cultivar to different water and nitrogen levels in two contrasting soil types

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 289 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Gabriela Abeledo ◽  
Daniel F. Calderini ◽  
Gustavo A. Slafer
Keyword(s):  
Field Research ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Barley Cultivar ◽  
Research Information ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
Modern Cultivar ◽  
Yield Level ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Attainable Yield

The importance of yield improvement at farm conditions is highly dependent on the interaction between genotype and environment. The aim of the present work was to assess the attainable yield of a traditional and a modern malting barley cultivar growing under a wide range of soil nitrogen (N) availabilities and different water scenarios (low, intermediate and high rainfall conditions during the fallow period and throughout the crop cycle) considering a 25-year climate dataset for two sites (a shallow and a deep soil) in the Pampas, Argentina. For that purpose, a barley model was first calibrated and validated and then used to expand field research information to a range of conditions that are not only much wider but also more realistic than experiments on experimental farms. Yield of the modern cultivar was at least equal to (under the lowest yielding conditions) or significantly higher (under most growing conditions) than that of the traditional cultivar. Averaged across all the scenarios, yield was ~20% higher in the modern than in the traditional cultivar. The average attainable yield represented 42% of the yield potential in the shallow and 79% in the deep soil profiles. Yield advantage of the high yielding cultivar was based on using N more efficiently, which not only determined higher attainable yields but also reduced the requirements of soil N to achieve a particular yield level. Farmers would face little risk in adopting higher yielding cultivars in both high and low yielding environments and even in the latter ones N fertilisation could be beneficial in most years.

scholarly journals Adapting and improving crops: the endless task

1997 ◽  
Vol 352 (1356) ◽  
pp. 901-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. T. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Harvest Index ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
World Food ◽  
Marked Rise ◽  
Fertilizer Use ◽  
Nitrogenous Fertilizer ◽  
Exponential Increase ◽  
World Food Supply ◽  
Selection For

The Malthusian prognosis has been undermined by an exponential increase in world food supply since 1960, even in the absence of any extension of the arable area. The requisite increases in yield of the cereal staples have come partly from agronomic intensification, especially of nitrogenous fertilizer use made possible by the dwarfing of wheat and rice, in turn made feasible by herbicide development. Cereal dwarfing also contributed to a marked rise in harvest index and yield potential. Although there is still scope for some further improvement in harvest index and environmental adaptation, it is not apparent how a doubling of yield potential can be achieved unless crop photosynthesis can be substantially enhanced by genetic engineering. Empirical selection for yield has not enhanced photosynthetic capacity to date, but nitrogenous and other fertilizers have done so, and there is still scope for agronomic increases in yield and for new synergisms between agronomy and plant breeding.

scholarly journals A sensitivity analysis of the prediction of the nitrogen fertilizer requirement of cauliflower crops using the HRI WELL_N computer model

2001 ◽  
Vol 137 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. RAHN ◽  
A. MEAD ◽  
A. DRAYCOTT ◽  
R. LILLYWHITE ◽  
T. SALO
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Computer Model ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soil Mineral N ◽  
Soil Mineral ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fertilizer Requirement

HRI WELL_N is an easy to use computer model, which has been used by farmers and growers since 1994 to predict crop nitrogen (N) requirements for a wide range of agricultural and horticultural crops.A sensitivity analysis was carried out to investigate the model predictions of the N fertilizer requirement of cauliflower crops, and, at that rate, the yield achieved, yield response to the fertilizer applied, N uptake, NO3-N leaching below 30 and 90 cm and mineral N at harvest. The sensitivity to four input factors – soil mineral N before planting, mineralization rate of soil organic matter, expected yield and duration of growth – was assessed. Values of these were chosen to cover ranges between 40% and 160% of values typical for field crops of cauliflowers grown in East Anglia. The assessments were made for three soils – sand, sandy loam and silt – and three rainfall scenarios – an average year and years with 144% or 56% of average rainfall during the growing season. The sensitivity of each output variable to each of the input factors (and interactions between them) was assessed using a unique ‘sequential' analysis of variance approach developed as part of this research project.The most significant factors affecting N fertilizer requirement across all soil types/rainfall amounts were soil mineral N before planting and expected yield. N requirement increased with increasing yield expectation, and decreased with increasing amounts of soil mineral N before planting. The responses to soil mineral N were much greater when higher yields were expected. Retention of N in the rooting zone was predicted to be poor on light soils in the wettest conditions suggesting that to maximize N use, plants needed to grow rapidly and have reasonable yield potential.Assessment of the potential impacts of errors in the values of the input factors indicated that poor estimation of, in particular, yield expectation and soil mineral N before planting could lead to either yield loss or an increased level of potentially leachable soil mineral N at harvest.The research demonstrates the benefits of using computer simulation models to quantify the main factors for which information is needed in order to provide robust N fertilizer recommendations.

scholarly journals Yield Response of Short Duration HYV Aman Rice to Transplanting Times in the Coastal Region of Southwestern Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
pp. 42-51
Author(s):  
Fatematujjohora Lima ◽  
Bidhan Chandro Sarker ◽  
Md. Enamul Kabir ◽  
Md. Nazmul Kabir
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Yield Attributes

Transplanted (T.) aman rice is the major crop in the southwestern coastal region of Bangladesh where most of the fields remain fallow the rest of the year due to the cultivation of late-maturing and long-duration aman rice varieties with low yield potential. Timely transplanting of short-duration HYV varieties increased grain yield and allowed the field to be cleared earlier for the next crop. The experiment was conducted in the experimental field of Agrotechnology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna during the monsoon (June to December) for  investigating the influence of transplanting dates on growth, yield attributes, and yield of Binadhan-7. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design and replicated thrice. The experimental treatment comprised of ten transplanting dates (viz.,9 July, 16 July, 23 July, 30 July, 6 August, 13 August, 20 August, 27 August, 3 September, and 10 September) at 7 days intervals. Data recorded on different growth, yield, and yield contributing parameters were influenced substantially by the dates of transplanting. Results of this study showed that transplanting on 30 July produced the tallest plant (105.40 cm), highest tiller hill-1 (20.40), effective tillers hill-1 (17.30), panicle length (22.22 cm), number of grain panicle-1 (10.34), 1000 grain weight (22.83 g), grain yield (4.72 tha-1), straw yield (5.15 tha-1) and harvest index (47.85%) which were on parity with 6 August of transplanting. From the findings of this study, it can be concluded that from 30 July to 6 of August is optimum and recommended transplanting window for the short duration aman rice variety (Binadhan-7) in the coastal zone of southwestern Bangladesh. Furthermore, this transplanting window resulted in an early harvest and timely vacant the field for winter crop planting.

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