scholarly journals Formalin-induced pain prolongs sub- to supra-second time estimation in rats

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11002
Author(s):  
Xinhe Liu ◽  
Ning Wang ◽  
Jinyan Wang ◽  
Fei Luo
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Inflammatory Pain ◽  
Weber Fraction ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Saline Group ◽  
Time Range ◽  
Formalin Injection ◽  
Post Injection ◽  
Subjective Duration ◽  
Temporal Estimation

Background Temporal estimation can be influenced by pain, which is a complex psychological and physiological phenomenon. However, the time range in which perception is most sensitive to pain remains unclear. Methods In the present study, we explored the effects of acute inflammatory pain on time perception in the sub- to supra-second (0.6–2.4-s) and supra-second (2–8-s) ranges in rats. Plantar formalin injection was used to induce acute inflammatory pain, and a temporal bisection task was used to measure time perception. Task test sessions were held for five consecutive days (one per day): the day before injection (baseline), immediately after injection, and the three post-injection days. The point of subjective equality (PSE, which reflects the subjective duration) and Weber fraction (which reflects temporal sensitivity) were calculated and analysed. Results In the 0.6–2.4-s range, the PSE was significantly lower, indicating prolonged subjective duration, in the formalin group relative to the saline group (p = 0.049) immediately after injection. Formalin-induced pain also tended to lengthened time perception in the 0.6–2.4-s range on post-injection days 2 (p = 0.06) and 3 (p = 0.054). In the 2–8-s range, formalin injection did not affect the PSE or Weber fraction. Conclusions The enhanced effect of pain on temporal perception in the sub- to supra-second range is observed in this study and this effect is attenuated with the prolongation of estimated time, even in rats.

scholarly journals Formalin-induced and neuropathic pain altered time estimation in a temporal bisection task in rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinhe Liu ◽  
Ning Wang ◽  
Jinyan Wang ◽  
Fei Luo
Keyword(s):  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Time Perception ◽  
Lever Press ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Formalin Injection ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Bisection Task ◽  
Temporal Bisection ◽  
Pure Tones ◽  
Temporal Bisection Task

AbstractTime perception is an important ability that is related closely to humans’ and animals’ daily activities. It can be distorted by various emotional states. In human studies, experimental pain has been shown to prolong the perception of time. However, related animal studies are lacking. In this study, we used a temporal bisection task to investigate how acute inflammatory pain (induced by hind-paw formalin injection) and chronic neuropathic pain [induced by spinal nerve ligation (SNL)] affected time perception in rats. Rats were trained to recognize “short” (1200-ms) and “long” (2400-ms) anchor-duration pure tones and were rewarded for corresponding lever presses. During testing, rats perceived a series of intermediate-duration and anchor-duration pure tones, and selected levers corresponding to the “short” and “long” tones. After formalin injection, rats gave more “long” lever-press responses than after saline injection. The point of subjective equality after formalin injection also increased, suggesting that formalin-induced acute pain extended time perception. In contrast, rats that had undergone SNL gave fewer “long” lever-press responses compared with the sham surgery group. This animal study suggests that formalin-induced pain and neuropathic pain may have different effects on time perception.

Time estimation by patients with frontal lesions and by Korsakoff amnesics

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 517-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
MASARU MIMURA ◽  
MARCEL KINSBOURNE ◽  
MARGARET O'CONNOR
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Subjective Duration ◽  
Short Intervals ◽  
Temporal Cognition ◽  
Temporal Estimation

We studied time estimation in patients with frontal damage (F) and alcoholic Korsakoff (K) patients in order to differentiate between the contributions of working memory and episodic memory to temporal cognition. In Experiment 1, F and K patients estimated time intervals between 10 and 120 s less accurately than matched normal and alcoholic control subjects. F patients were less accurate than K patients at short (< 1 min) time intervals whereas K patients increasingly underestimated durations as intervals grew longer. F patients overestimated short intervals in inverse proportion to their performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. As intervals grew longer, overestimation yielded to underestimation for F patients. Experiment 2 involved time estimation while counting at a subjective 1/s rate. F patients' subjective tempo, though relatively rapid, did not fully explain their overestimation of short intervals. In Experiment 3, participants produced predetermined time intervals by depressing a mouse key. K patients underproduced longer intervals. F patients produced comparably to normal participants, but were extremely variable. Findings suggest that both working memory and episodic memory play an individual role in temporal cognition. Turnover within a short-term working memory buffer provides a metric for temporal decisions. The depleted working memory that typically attends frontal dysfunction may result in quicker turnover, and this may inflate subjective duration. On the other hand, temporal estimation beyond 30 s requires episodic remembering, and this puts K patients at a disadvantage. (JINS, 2000, 6, 517–528.)

scholarly journals The ages of zone of proximal development for retrospective time assessment and anticipation of time event

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.V. Portnova ◽  
A. B. Rebreikina ◽  
O.V. Martynova
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Neuropsychological Assessment ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Zone Of Proximal Development ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Attention And Memory ◽  
Proximal Development ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Intelligence Scale ◽  
Time Assessment

AbstractWe aimed to investigate the ability of children aged 5–14 years old (preschoolers, primary schoolers, and preteens) to assess and anticipate time intervals. 287 Russian children aged 5–14 years old and 26 adults of control group participated in our study. The neuropsychological assessment, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children and a battery of time-related tests were applied. All groups of children overestimated the event’s duration, although the accuracy of the second estimations increased among the participants aged 6–8 years after a prompt was offered. A zone of proximal development for time anticipation task was detected for children aged 9-11 years, when the prompt could significantly improve the accuracy of time perception. The participants overestimated the duration of both upcoming and past events, with the degree of overestimation being found to be negatively correlated with age. Further, a higher degree of accuracy in terms of time estimation was found to be correlated with higher scores on the attention and memory tests, and accuracy of time anticipation was associated with scores of praxis test.

scholarly journals Time perception in human movement: Effects of speed and agency on duration estimation

2020 ◽  
pp. 174702182097951
Author(s):  
Emma Allingham ◽  
David Hammerschmidt ◽  
Clemens Wöllner
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Human Movement ◽  
Human Motion ◽  
Movement Speed ◽  
Acting Out ◽  
Optical Motion ◽  
Point Light ◽  
Duration Estimation

While the effects of synthesised visual stimuli on time perception processes are well documented, very little research on time estimation in human movement stimuli exists. This study investigated the effects of movement speed and agency on duration estimation of human motion. Participants were recorded using optical motion capture while they performed dance-like movements at three different speeds. They later returned for a perceptual experiment in which they watched point-light displays of themselves and one other participant. Participants were asked to identify themselves, to estimate the duration of the recordings, and to rate expressivity and quality of the movements. Results indicate that speed of movement affected duration estimations such that faster speeds were rated longer, in accordance with previous findings in non-biological motion. The biasing effects of speed were stronger for watching others’ movements than for watching one’s own point-light movements. Duration estimations were longer after acting out the movement compared with watching it, and speed differentially affected ratings of expressivity and quality. Findings suggest that aspects of temporal processing of visual stimuli may be modulated by inner motor representations of previously performed movements, and by physically carrying out an action compared with just watching it. Results also support the inner clock and change theories of time perception for the processing of human motion stimuli, which can inform the temporal mechanisms of the hypothesised separate processor for human movement information.

Interactive Effects of Musical and Visual Cues on Time Perception: An Application to Waiting Lines in Banks

1993 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 995-1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Charles Chebat ◽  
Claire Gelinas-Chebat ◽  
Pierre Filiatrault
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Mood State ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Specific Situation ◽  
Allocation Model ◽  
Mediating Variables ◽  
Musical Tempo

This study explores the interactive effects of musical and visual cues on time perception in a specific situation, that of waiting in a bank. Videotapes are employed to simulate the situation; a 2 × 3 factorial design ( N = 427) is used: 2 (high vs low) amounts of visual information and 2 (fast vs slow) levels of musical tempo in addition to a no-music condition. Two mediating variables are tested in the relation between the independent variables (musical and visual ones) and the dependent variable (perceived waiting time), mood and attention. Results of multivariate analysis of variance and a system of simultaneous equations show that musical cues and visual cues have no symmetrical effects: the musical tempo has a global (moderating) effect on the whole structure of the relations between dependent, independent, and mediating variables but has no direct influence on time perception. The visual cues affect time perception, the significance of which depends on musical tempo. Also, the “Resource Allocation Model of Time Estimation” predicts the attention-time relation better than Ornstein's “storage-size theory.” Mood state serves as a substitute for time information with slow music, but its effects are cancelled with fast music.

Time Estimation and Total Subjective Time

1977 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 527-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Subjective Time ◽  
Square Root ◽  
Time Model ◽  
Subjective Duration ◽  
Retrospective Reports ◽  
Age Model ◽  
Perceived Duration

Techniques for estimation of magnitude were used in a questionnaire given to 100 university students to test the hypothesis that the subjective duration of an interval of actual time decreases in proportion to total subjective time rather than total chronological age. The results supported the subjective time hypothesis for retrospective reports of perceived duration of a year at both one-half and one-quarter of the subject's present age. In both cases the subjective time hypothesis provided a better fit to the data than the chronological age model. The hypothesis of the subjective time model that subjective life-span is equal to the square root of the statistically expected life-span was also tested but was not confirmed.

On the Relation between Time Perception and the Timing of Motor Action: Evidence for a Temporal Oscillator Controlling the Timing of Movement

1992 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Treisman ◽  
Andrew Faulkner ◽  
Peter L. N. Naish
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Time Perception ◽  
Choice Reaction Time ◽  
Characteristic Frequency ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Internal Clock ◽  
Motor Timing ◽  
Motor Action ◽  
Perception Of Time

Studies of time estimation have provided evidence that human time perception is determined by an internal clock containing a temporal oscillator and have also provided estimates of the frequency of this oscillator (Treisman, Faulkner, Naish, & Brogan, 1992; Treisman & Brogan, 1992). These estimates were based on the observation that when the intervals to be estimated are accompanied by auditory clicks that recur at certain critical rates, perturbations in time estimation occur. To test the hypothesis that the mechanisms that underlie the perception of time and those that control the timing of motor performance are similar, analogous experiments were performed on motor timing, with the object of seeing whether evidence for a clock would be obtained and if so whether its properties resemble those of the time perception clock. The prediction was made that perturbations in motor timing would be seen at the same or similar critical auditory click rates. The experiments examined choice reaction time and typing. The results support the hypothesis that a temporal oscillator paces motor performance and that this oscillator is similar to the oscillator underlying time perception. They also provide an estimate of the characteristic frequency of the oscillator.

scholarly journals The Analgesic Effects of Celecoxib on the Formalin-induced Short- and Long-term Inflammatory Pain

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (20;4) ◽  
pp. E575-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya-Qun Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Pain ◽  
Formalin Test ◽  
Formalin Injection ◽  
Spontaneous Pain ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Secondary Hyperalgesia ◽  
Analgesic Effects ◽  
Gastrointestinal Side Effects ◽  
Short And Long Term

The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug celecoxib has long been used for reducing pain, in spite of moderate gastrointestinal side effects. In previous studies, it has been shown that celecoxib can inhibit formalin-induced spontaneous pain and secondary hyperalgesia. Injecting formalin into a rodent’s hind paw not only induces acute pain behaviors, but also produces long-lasting hyperalgesia. Whether celecoxib can also have long-lasting effects is still unknown. Our results show that pretreatment with an intraperitoneal injection of celecoxib at one hour before formalin injection induced inhibition on the spontaneous flinch and licking behaviors in the second phase but not the first phase. Meanwhile, FOS expressions were also reduced with celecoxib pretreatment. Consecutive administration of celecoxib also protects the hind paw from hypoalgesia and relieves formalininduced, long-lasting hyperalgesia in the ipsilateral hind paw. These analgesic effects may be related to suppression of the activation of neurons and astrocytes indicated by FOS and GFAP expressions. Based on the above findings, celecoxib demonstrated analgesic effects not only on acute spontaneous pain behavior but also on long-lasting hyperalgesia induced by formalin injection. The inhibition of neurons and astrocytes by celecoxib may be possible reasons for its analgesia. Key words: Formalin test, celecoxib, FOS, GFAP, hyperalgesia

scholarly journals The Effect of Emotion on Time Perception for Complex Visual Stimuli

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Julie Anne Séguin
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Time Perception ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Test Time ◽  
Emotional Facial Expressions ◽  
Systematic Assessment ◽  
Dimensional Classification ◽  
Carry Over

<p>Activation and attention have opposite effects on time perception. Emotion can both increase physiological activation (which leads to overestimation of time) and attract attention (which leads to underestimation of time). Although the effect of emotion on time perception has received a growing amount of attention, the use of different time estimation tasks and stimuli makes it difficult to compare findings across studies. The effect of emotion on the temporal perception of complex stimuli (e.g. scenes) is particularly under-researched. This thesis presents a systematic assessment of the effect of two key emotional dimensions, arousal and valence, on time perception for visual stimuli. Studies were designed to control for factors that may modulate emotion effects, such as image repetition and carry over from one emotion to another. The stimuli were complex images standardized for arousal (high or low) and valence (positive or negative) as well as neutral images. The first study compared three time estimation tasks to determine which were sensitive to emotion effects. The selected task, temporal bisection, was used to test time perception in three duration ranges: short (400 to 1600ms), middle (1000 to 4000ms), and long (2000 to 6000ms). Results of bisection point analyses revealed that the duration of attention-capturing stimuli (e.g. high arousal or negative images) was underestimated compared to that of other stimuli (e.g. low arousal or neutral images). These findings are at odds with activational effects of emotion (overestimation of emotional stimuli), which are typically found in studies of time perception for facial expression. Better temporal sensitivity in the long range than in short and middle ranges suggests that participants used different timing strategies to perform the bisection task at longer stimulus durations. To test the effect of emotion on time perception using a discrete rather than dimensional classification of emotion, experiments were replicated using emotional facial expressions as stimuli. Time estimates in the short and middle ranges did not show attentional effects, but pointed to activational effects of emotion. Facial expression had no impact on time perception in the long duration range. Taken together, these experiments show that the effect of emotion on time perception varies according to both duration and stimulus type. Emotional facial expressions have short lived activational effects whereby the duration of arousing stimuli is overestimated, whereas complex emotional scenes have protracted attentional effects through which the duration of attention-capturing stimuli is underestimated.</p>

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