scholarly journals Light quality affects the proliferation of in vitro cultured plantlets of Camellia oleifera Huajin

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e10016
Author(s):  
Chaoyin He ◽  
Yanling Zeng ◽  
Yuzhong Fu ◽  
Jiahao Wu ◽  
Qin Liang
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Light Quality ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Camellia Oleifera

Background Camellia oleifera is an important oil-yielding woody plant native to China. Tea oil extracted from the seeds is rich in health-beneficial compounds. Huajin is a high-yielding elite variety of C. oleifera, with large fruits and remarkable resilience, widely cultivated in southern China; however, its seedling quality tends to be uneven. At present, techniques such as grafting, and cuttings are primarily adopted to propagate C. oleifera. These approaches are susceptible to environmental constraints owing to the long growth period, resulting in the lack of C. oleifera seedlings. Methods to make the cultivation more economical are warranted; this can be facilitated by tissue culture technology to provide good-quality seedlings in a short time. Methods In vitro cultured plantlets of C. oleifera Huajin were exposed to red light (RL), blue light (BL), red:blue light at a 4:1 ratio (R4:B1), and red:blue light at a 1:4 ratio (R1:B4); white light (WL) was used as the control treatment. To investigate the influence of light spectral quality on the proliferation coefficient, photosynthetic pigments, soluble proteins, plant height, leaf shape, Rubisco enzyme activity, and stomata and leaf anatomical features. Results The highest proliferation coefficient was observed under combined red and blue (4:1) light. In addition, this treatment resulted in the second highest chlorophyll content, the thickest palisade and spongy tissues, and consequently, the thickest leaves. The same treatment resulted in the second highest stomatal density, albeit concomitantly with the smallest average stomatal length and width. Discussion These results indicate that high-quality propagation of Huajin shoots can be achieved by culturing the plants in vitro under a combination of red and blue (4:1) lights. Previous studies have shown that red and blue lights improve rooting and transplanting rates of tissue culture seedlings. Hence, future research should focus on the effect of light quality on rooting and transplanting of tissue culture plantlets of Huajin and its specific molecular mechanisms.

scholarly journals Inter-species functional compatibility of the Theobroma cacao and Arabidopsis FT orthologs: 90 million years of functional conservation of meristem identity genes

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. F. Prewitt ◽  
A. Shalit-Kaneh ◽  
S. N. Maximova ◽  
M. J. Guiltinan
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Flowering Time ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Regulatory Pathways ◽  
Late Flowering ◽  
Precocious Flowering ◽  
Transition To Flowering

Abstract Background In angiosperms the transition to flowering is controlled by a complex set of interacting networks integrating a range of developmental, physiological, and environmental factors optimizing transition time for maximal reproductive efficiency. The molecular mechanisms comprising these networks have been partially characterized and include both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory pathways. Florigen, encoded by FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) orthologs, is a conserved central integrator of several flowering time regulatory pathways. To characterize the molecular mechanisms involved in controlling cacao flowering time, we have characterized a cacao candidate florigen gene, TcFLOWERING LOCUS T (TcFT). Understanding how this conserved flowering time regulator affects cacao plant’s transition to flowering could lead to strategies to accelerate cacao breeding. Results BLAST searches of cacao genome reference assemblies identified seven candidate members of the CENTRORADIALIS/TERMINAL FLOWER1/SELF PRUNING gene family including a single florigen candidate. cDNA encoding the predicted cacao florigen was cloned and functionally tested by transgenic genetic complementation in the Arabidopsis ft-10 mutant. Transgenic expression of the candidate TcFT cDNA in late flowering Arabidopsis ft-10 partially rescues the mutant to wild-type flowering time. Gene expression studies reveal that TcFT is spatially and temporally expressed in a manner similar to that found in Arabidopsis, specifically, TcFT mRNA is shown to be both developmentally and diurnally regulated in leaves and is most abundant in floral tissues. Finally, to test interspecies compatibility of florigens, we transformed cacao tissues with AtFT resulting in the remarkable formation of flowers in tissue culture. The morphology of these in vitro flowers is normal, and they produce pollen that germinates in vitro with high rates. Conclusion We have identified the cacao CETS gene family, central to developmental regulation in angiosperms. The role of the cacao’s single FT-like gene (TcFT) as a general regulator of determinate growth in cacao was demonstrated by functional complementation of Arabidopsis ft-10 late-flowering mutant and through gene expression analysis. In addition, overexpression of AtFT in cacao resulted in precocious flowering in cacao tissue culture demonstrating the highly conserved function of FT and the mechanisms controlling flowering in cacao.

scholarly journals Delphinidin and Its Glycosides’ War on Cancer: Preclinical Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (21) ◽  
pp. 11500
Author(s):  
Anshul Sharma ◽  
Hyo-Kyoung Choi ◽  
Yeon-Kye Kim ◽  
Hae-Jeung Lee
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Natural Health Products ◽  
Cell Protection ◽  
Anticancer Properties ◽  
Dietary Antioxidant ◽  
Health Products ◽  
Antioxidant Supplements

Until now, several studies have looked at the issue of anthocyanin and cancer, namely the preventive and inhibitory effects of anthocyanins, as well as the underlying molecular processes. However, no targeted review is available regarding the anticarcinogenic effects of delphinidin and its glycosides on various cancers and their plausible molecular mechanisms. Considerable evidence shows significant anticancer properties of delphinidin-rich preparations and delphinidin alone both in vitro and in vivo. This review covers the in vitro and preclinical implications of delphinidin-mediated cell protection and cancer prevention; thus, we strongly recommend that delphinidin-rich preparations be further investigated as potential functional food, dietary antioxidant supplements, and natural health products targeting specific chronic diseases, including cancer. In addition to in vitro investigations, future research should focus on more animal and human studies to determine the true potential of delphinidin.

Quality and Intensity of Light in the In Vitro Development of Microstumps of Eucalyptus urophylla in a Photoautotrophic System

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 754-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natane A Miranda ◽  
Aloisio Xavier ◽  
Wagner C Otoni ◽  
Ricardo Gallo ◽  
Kellen C Gatti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Light Quality ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Fluorescent Light ◽  
Eucalyptus Urophylla ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Fluorescent Lamps ◽  
Number Of Shoots

Abstract The quality and quantity of light are important factors in controlling in vitro plant growth in photoautotrophic systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of light quality (fluorescent, white, red, blue, red/blue, and distant red) on microstumps of a Eucalyptus urophylla clone in an in vitro photoautotrophic system, as well as the intensity of fluorescent light (60, 85, 100, and 140 μmol m–2 s–1) in the growth and production of microcutting. The number of shoots and microcutting, the size of the largest shoot, the stomatal density, chlorophyll, and carotenoid content were analyzed. Light quality altered plant growth, and fluorescent light intensity did not affect the microstumps’ production during the evaluation period. In white light-emitting diode (LED) light, there was higher production of carotenoids, with a lower initial production of microcuttings. A smaller number of shoots were obtained in blue LED. In general, the different qualities and light intensities tested allowed for the growth of the Eucalyptus urophylla clone grown in vitro, making it possible to obtain microcuttings under photoautotrophic cultivation. Study Implications In vitro propagation is a stressful process for plants and has limitations for commercial-scale Eucalyptus production. Fluorescent lamps, closed containers, and high sucrose concentrations are traditionally used. To reduce costs and improve production, the use of efficient light sources and photoautotrophic cultivation systems become alternatives. This study investigated the influence of light on the in vitro growth of a Eucalyptus clone in a photoautotrophic system. The quality was more important than the intensity of light. Foresters will be able to indicate the use of LEDs (light-emitting diodes) as a replacement for fluorescent lamps. This approach is useful in enhancing micropropagation techniques.

Food Derived Bioactive Peptides for Health Enhancement and Management of Some Chronic Diseases

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
A. F. Ogori ◽  
A. T. Girgih ◽  
J. O. Abu ◽  
M. O. Eke
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Bioactive Peptides ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Target Cells

The bioactive peptides produced by enzymatic hydrolysis, acid hydrolysis and fermentation approach have been identified and used widely in research. These methods are important in enhancement or prevention and management of chronic diseases that are ravaging the world such as type -2-diabetes, hypertension, oxidative stress, cancer, and obesity. Sources of bioactive peptides have been established ranging from plant to animal and marine foods that have pharmacological effects; however these effects are dependent on target cells and peptides structure and conformations.  Plants such as hemp and animal source such as milk among others validate the findings of In vitro and In-vivo studies and the efficiency of these bioactive peptides in the management of certain chronic diseases. This article reviews the literature on bioactive peptides with concern on food sources, production and bioactive peptides application in enhancement of health and management of hypertension, diabetes and oxidative stress.  Future research efforts on bioactive peptides should be directed towards elucidating specific sequenced bioactive peptides and their molecular mechanisms, through In-vivo and In-vitro studies for specific health condition in human using nutrigenomics and peptideomic approaches.

scholarly journals Food Derived Bioactive Peptides for Health Enhancement and Management of Some Chronic Diseases

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
A. F. Ogori ◽  
A. T. Girgih ◽  
J. O. Abu ◽  
M. O. Eke
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Bioactive Peptides ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Target Cells

The bioactive peptides produced by enzymatic hydrolysis, acid hydrolysis and fermentation approach have been identified and used widely in research. These methods are important in enhancement or prevention and management of chronic diseases that are ravaging the world such as type -2-diabetes, hypertension, oxidative stress, cancer, and obesity. Sources of bioactive peptides have been established ranging from plant to animal and marine foods that have pharmacological effects; however these effects are dependent on target cells and peptides structure and conformations.  Plants such as hemp and animal source such as milk among others validate the findings of In vitro and In-vivo studies and the efficiency of these bioactive peptides in the management of certain chronic diseases. This article reviews the literature on bioactive peptides with concern on food sources, production and bioactive peptides application in enhancement of health and management of hypertension, diabetes and oxidative stress.  Future research efforts on bioactive peptides should be directed towards elucidating specific sequenced bioactive peptides and their molecular mechanisms, through In-vivo and In-vitro studies for specific health condition in human using nutrigenomics and peptideomic approaches.

scholarly journals Coagulotoxic Cobras: Clinical Implications of Strong Anticoagulant Actions of African Spitting Naja Venoms That Are Not Neutralised by Antivenom but Are by LY315920 (Varespladib)

Toxins ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mátyás A. Bittenbinder ◽  
Christina N. Zdenek ◽  
Bianca op den Brouw ◽  
Nicholas J. Youngman ◽  
James S. Dobson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Factor Xa ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Coagulation Cascade ◽  
Clotting Factor ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Thrombin Inhibition ◽  
Clinically Significant

Snakebite is a global tropical disease that has long had huge implications for human health and well-being. Despite its long-standing medical importance, it has been the most neglected of tropical diseases. Reflective of this is that many aspects of the pathology have been underinvestigated. Snakebite by species in the Elapidae family is typically characterised by neurotoxic effects that result in flaccid paralysis. Thus, while clinically significant disturbances to the coagulation cascade have been reported, the bulk of the research to date has focused upon neurotoxins. In order to fill the knowledge gap regarding the coagulotoxic effects of elapid snake venoms, we screened 30 African and Asian venoms across eight genera using in vitro anticoagulant assays to determine the relative inhibition of the coagulation function of thrombin and the inhibition of the formation of the prothrombinase complex through competitive binding to a nonenzymatic site on Factor Xa (FXa), thereby preventing FXa from binding to Factor Va (FVa). It was revealed that African spitting cobras were the only species that were potent inhibitors of either clotting factor, but with Factor Xa inhibited at 12 times the levels of thrombin inhibition. This is consistent with at least one death on record due to hemorrhage following African spitting cobra envenomation. To determine the efficacy of antivenom in neutralising the anticoagulant venom effects, for the African spitting cobras we repeated the same 8-point dilution series with the addition of antivenom and observed the shift in the area under the curve, which revealed that the antivenom performed extremely poorly against the coagulotoxic venom effects of all species. However, additional tests with the phospholipase A2 inhibitor LY315920 (trade name: varespladib) demonstrated a powerful neutralisation action against the coagulotoxic actions of the African spitting cobra venoms. Our research has important implications for the clinical treatment of cobra snakebites and also sheds light on the molecular mechanisms involved in coagulotoxicity within Naja. As the most coagulotoxic species are also those that produce characteristic extreme local tissue damage, future research should investigate potential synergistic actions between anticoagulant toxins and cytotoxins.

Do mycoplasmas cause human cancer?

2001 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 691-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nevio Cimolai
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Respiratory Pathogen ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
In Vitro Data

A linkage between mycoplasmas and malignancy was mainly proposed in the 1960s when human-associated mycoplasmas were becoming of interest given the novel characterization of the human respiratory pathogen Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Associations with leukemia and other malignancies, however, were largely ascribed to tissue-culture contamination, which is now recognized as a significant potential problem in molecular biology circles. A few epidemiological studies, however, continue to raise concern over such a linkage. As well, in vitro data have demonstrated the potential for some mycoplasmas to induce karyotypic changes and malignant transformation during chronic tissue-culture infestation. As cellular and molecular mechanisms for such transformation become studied, a resurgence of interest in this area is inevitable. A role for mycoplasmas in malignancy of any sort is conjectural, but there remains a need to continue with focussed epidemiological and laboratory investigations.Key words: mycoplasma, cancer, oncogenesis, leukemia.

scholarly journals Unbiased Approach for the Identification of Molecular Mechanisms Sensitive to Chemical Exposures

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Suvorov ◽  
Victoria Salemme ◽  
Joseph McGaunn ◽  
Anthony Poluyanoff ◽  
Menna Teffera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Gene Interactions ◽  
Molecular Pathways ◽  
Toxic Response ◽  
Mechanisms Of Toxicity ◽  
Chemical Exposures

Background: Targeted methods that dominated toxicological research until recently did not allow for screening of all molecular changes involved in toxic response. Therefore, it is difficult to infer if all major mechanisms of toxicity have already been discovered, or if some of them are still overlooked. Objectives: To identify molecular mechanisms sensitive to chemical exposures in an unbiased manner. Methods: We used data on 641,516 unique chemical-gene interactions from the Comparative Toxicogenomic Database. Only data from high-throughput gene expression experiments with human, rat or mouse cells/tissues were extracted. The total number of chemical-gene interactions was calculated for every gene, and used as a measure of gene sensitivity to chemical exposures. These values were further used in enrichment analyses to identify molecular mechanisms sensitive to chemical exposures. Results: Remarkably, use of different input subsets with non-overlapping lists of chemical compounds identified largely the same genes and molecular pathways as most sensitive to chemical exposures, indicative of an unbiased nature of our analysis. One of the most important findings of this study is that almost every known molecular mechanism may be affected by chemical exposures. Predictably, xenobiotic metabolism pathways and mechanisms of cellular response to stress and damage were among the most sensitive. Additionally, our analysis identified a range of highly sensitive molecular pathways, which are not widely recognized by modern toxicology as major targets of toxicants, including lipid metabolism pathways, longevity regulation cascade and cytokine mediated signaling. Discussion: Molecular mechanisms identified as the most sensitive to chemical exposures are relevant for significant public health problems, such as aging, cancer, metabolic and autoimmune disease. Thus, public health system will likely benefit from future research focus on these sensitive molecular mechanisms. Additionally, approach used in this study may guide identification of priority adverse outcome pathways (AOP) for in-vitro and in-silico toxicity testing methods.

scholarly journals In vitro culture of sempre-vivas species (Comanthera): a review

Rodriguésia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andressa Priscila Piancó Santos Lima ◽  
Alone Lima Brito ◽  
José Raniere Ferreira de Santana
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
In Vitro Culture ◽  
In Vitro Propagation ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
In Vitro Conservation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
In Vitro Cultivation ◽  
Natural Form

Abstract The term “sempre-viva” denotes plants whose structures retain their natural form and color after being cut and dried. For these reasons, they are commercially valuable for ornamental purposes. However, due to extractive overexploitation of their inflorescences, some of these species are considered endangered. The genus Comanthera includes the sempre-vivas species with greatest economic importance in Brazil. Previous studies have shown that tissue culture is a workable strategy for in vitro propagation and conservation of species of this genus. However, these studies are still incipient. Therefore, the objective of this review is to summarize the findings on the in vitro cultivation of species of the Comanthera genus, to serve as the basis for future research. The text is structured in two main topics: micropropagation and in vitro conservation.

scholarly journals Genome-wide analysis of experimentally evolved Candida auris reveals multiple novel mechanisms of multidrug-resistance

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Carolus ◽  
Siebe Pierson ◽  
José F. Mun?oz ◽  
Ana Subotić ◽  
Rita B. Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Efflux Pump ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Chromosome 1 ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Candida Auris ◽  
Genome Wide

Candida auris is globally recognized as an opportunistic fungal pathogen of high concern, due to its extensive multidrug-resistance (MDR). Still, molecular mechanisms of MDR are largely unexplored. This is the first account of genome wide evolution of MDR in C. auris obtained through serial in vitro exposure to azoles, polyenes and echinocandins. We show the stepwise accumulation of multiple novel mutations in genes known and unknown in antifungal drug resistance, albeit almost all new for C. auris. Echinocandin resistance was accompanied by a codon deletion in FKS1hot spot 1 and a substitution in FKS1 ‘novel’ hot spot 3. Mutations in ERG3 and CIS2 further increased the echinocandin MIC. Decreased azole susceptibility was linked to a mutation in transcription factor TAC1b and overexpression of the drug efflux pump Cdr1; a segmental duplication of chromosome 1 containing ERG11; and a whole chromosome 5 duplication, which contains TAC1b. The latter was associated with increased expression of ERG11, TAC1band CDR2, but not CDR1. The simultaneous emergence of nonsense mutations in ERG3 and ERG11 was shown to decrease amphotericin B susceptibility, accompanied with fluconazole cross resistance. A mutation in MEC3, a gene mainly known for its role in DNA damage homeostasis, further increased the polyene MIC. Overall, this study shows the alarming potential and diversity for MDR development in C. auris, even in a clade until now not associated with MDR (clade II),hereby stressing its clinical importance and the urge for future research.

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