scholarly journals On the precipitin test of mosquito blood meals

1951 ◽  
Vol 2 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
S. Toshioka
Keyword(s):  
Precipitin Test ◽  
Blood Meals

Host preferences and feeding patterns of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) at Kowanyama, Cape York Peninsula, northern Queensland

1979 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. H. Kay ◽  
P. F. L. Boreham ◽  
G. M. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Host Preference ◽  
Host Feeding ◽  
Feeding Patterns ◽  
Host Preferences ◽  
Resting Sites ◽  
Precipitin Test ◽  
Pulmonary Dirofilariasis ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Cape York ◽  
Blood Meals

AbstractClosely spaced stable traps were used to determine the preferences of mosquitoes for 6 vertebrates at Kowanyama, northern Queensland, on 4 occasions during the wet and dry seasons of 1974–75. A total of 44 626 mosquitoes from 35 taxa was collected and compared with 26 215 specimens of 15 taxa trapped at Charleville, south-west Queensland, in February 1976. Host preference was analysed in detail for 11 species;Anopheles bancroftiiGiles,An. amictusEdw.,An. annulipesWlk.,An. farauti Lav.,An. meraukensisVenhuis,Aedes bancroftianusEdw.,Ae. normanensis(Tayl.),Ae. vittiger(Skuse),Culex annidirostrisSkuse,Cx. quinquefasciatusSay (=fatigansWied.) andMansonia uniformis(Theo.). All species in these experiments, including the important vector of arboviruses,Cx. annulirostris, preferred mammalian baits, especially calf, althoughAn. bancroftiiandCx. quinquefasciatuspreferred man. Blood-meals of 5802 engorged mosquitoes of 21 taxa collected from natural resting sites at Kowanyama village were analysed by the precipitin test. Mammals, particularly dogs, were the most important hosts.Cx. squamosus(Tayl.) andCx. quinquefasciatuswere the only species to feed extensively on birds (75–6 and 28–7%, respectively).Uranotaenia albescensTayl. fed almost entirely on amphibia. No seasonal shifts in feeding ofAn. bancroftii, An. annulipes, Cx. annulirostrisorCx. quinquefasciatuswere evident from either host-preference or host-feeding patterns, the latter being evaluated using a ‘ Feeding Index ’. These results are discussed in relation to the transmission of arboviruses, particularly Murray Valley encephalitis virus and pulmonary dirofilariasis of man and dogs in Australia.

The Rate of Digestion of Blood Meals of various haematophagous Arthropods as determined by the Precipitin Test

1953 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Weitz ◽  
P. A. Buxton
Keyword(s):  
Blood Meal ◽  
Cimex Lectularius ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Ornithodoros Moubata ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
Anopheles Aquasalis ◽  
Precipitin Test ◽  
Culicoides Nubeculosus ◽  
Blood Meals

The period of digestion of the blood meal of 10 different blood-sucking arthropods which had been artificially and naturally fed on known hosts was studied by means of specific precipitin tests.A large proportion of positive feed (80–100 per cent.) was found with midges and mosquitos up to 24 hours, whether naturally (Anopheles aquasalis) or artificially fed (A. maculipennis atroparvus, Culex molestus, Culicoides nubeculosus, Aëdes aegypti).Tsetse flies showed greater differences between the rate of digestion of captive flies (Glossina morsitans), which showed 90–100 per cent. positive feeds at 3 days after the experimental blood meal, and wild flies (G. swynnertoni) which showed only 28 per cent. positive meals after a similar period of digestion. Arachnids showed both the longest period of digestion, more than 6 months for Ornithodoros moubata and also the shortest period as represented by Bdellonyssus bacoti (about 1 day).Cimex lectularius showed 90 per cent. positive feeds after 10 days.

PRECIPITIN TEST STUDIES ON RATE OF DIGESTION OF BLOOD MEALS IN BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE)

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. R. Downe
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Blood Source ◽  
Precipitin Test ◽  
Blood Meals

Black fly adults were permitted to engorge on known hosts then retained for varying periods of time in a controlled laboratory incubator or under field conditions. The blood source was identifiable in all instances by precipitin tests conducted on smears 24 hours after the blood had been imbibed. Seventy-four per cent of the meals from flies held in incubators and 60% from flies held outdoors were identifiable after 32 hours, but after 40– and 48–hour intervals few meals were identifiable. The hosts used were horses and guinea pigs. It is tentatively concluded from a comparison of data and from field- and incubator-held flies that temperature influences the rate of digestion.

Feeding patterns of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in relation to the transmission of Ockelbo disease in sweden

1986 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas G. T. Jaenson ◽  
Bo Niklasson
Keyword(s):  
Francisella Tularensis ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Sindbis Virus ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Culex Pipiens Pipiens ◽  
Baited Traps ◽  
Suction Traps ◽  
Precipitin Test ◽  
Blood Meals

AbstractIn the province of Hälsingland in central Sweden, mosquitoes were sampled in 1983 with rabbit-, guineapig-, hen- and dove-baited and unbaited suction traps and similarly baited net traps. Blood-meals were identified by the precipitin test. Aedes cantans (Meigen), Ae. cinereus Meigen, Ae. communis (De Geer), Ae. diantaeus Howard, Dyar & Knab, Ae. excrucians (Walker) s.l. and Ae. intrudens Dyar were mainly attracted to the mammals, and Culex pipiens pipiens L., Culiseta morsitans (Theobald) and Cs. ochroptera (Peus) mainly to the birds. Significantly larger numbers of Cx. p. pipiens and Cs. morsitans were caught in dove- than in hen-baited traps. Of all identified feeds of engorged Aedes females, 95% were from mammals and 5% from birds. Only feeds from birds were found in engorged Cs. morsitans females. Movement of engorged females between the traps was demonstrated. Some Aedes females entered baited traps shortly after having fed on cervids and/or cattle. In the study area, suspected vectors between birds of Sindbis virus, the causative agent of Ockelbo disease, are Cx. p. pipiens, Cx. torrentium Martini and Cs. ochroptera in late spring and summer and Cs. morsitans in late summer. The isolation of this virus from Cx. p. pipiens and Cs. morsitans females captured in this area supports their role as suspected primary vectors. Ae. communis and other abundant Aedes species are suspected vectors of this virus from birds to man. Ae. cinereus may be a vector of tularaemia (caused by Francisella tularensis) in this area.

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE PERFORMANCE OF THE PRECIPITIN TEST IN THE DETERMINATION OF BLOOD MEALS OF INSECTS

1952 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 213-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Eligh
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Liquid State ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Precipitin Reaction ◽  
Precipitin Test ◽  
Host Blood ◽  
Blood Meals

Certain factors influence the performance of precipitin tests when the latter are used for detection of blood meals of biting flies. Antisera stored in a liquid state in a refrigerator generally show a decrease in titer with the passage of time. Aging appears to have an adverse effect on the avidity of an antiserum. Smears of blood-engorged mosquitoes prepared by smearing of the entire insect are satisfactory for testing by the precipitin reaction. A high-titered antiserum which can be diluted is desirable for detection of host blood in mosquitoes.

Bionomics of Anopheline Mosquitos in Inland Areas of Java, with Special Reference to Anopheles aconitus Dön

1960 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 647-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Y. Chow ◽  
R. Moh. Ibnoe ◽  
Soejoed Tarko Josopoero
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Malaria Infection ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuation ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Hilly Area ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Precipitin Test ◽  
Blood Meals ◽  
Methods Of Control

Anopheles aconitus Dön. has long been known as an important vector of malaria in Indonesia. More recently it has been shown to be the principal, if not the only vector in the inland areas of Java. A. maculatus Theo. has been regarded as an important vector in hilly regions.The observations recorded in the present paper were carried out in an inland area in East Java between June 1957 and May 1958, and in a hilly one in West Java between April 1956 and March 1957, and were concerned, in particular, with the resting and feeding habits of these two species in so far as they might influence methods of control.A. aconitus is found in great numbers throughout the year with a major peak of density from March to May, about harvest time of the first and more extensive rice crop.In the areas studied, A. aconitus is largely exophilic and, where man is concerned, exophagous, nearly three times as many examples being taken biting man outdoors as indoors, and 17 per cent. of 359 examples taken outdoors were positive for human blood as compared with 5 per cent. of 1,438 examples from all situations. Of the remainder, 93·5 per cent. were positive for ox. On the whole, therefore, this species is highly, though not exclusively, zoophilic and readily enters cattle-sheds, built of bamboo matting, to feed, and, in those sheds that have walls as well as roofs, up to 75 per cent. may remain for at least two hours after having fed, and appreciable but variable numbers of fully fed individuals may remain during day-time.Most of the feeding on man outdoors took place before midnight, and, on cattle in sheds, between midnight and 0600 hr., with peaks between midnight and 0100 hr. and between 0400 and 0500 hr., respectively. Peak periods of entry into an animal-baited trap were during the second and fourth quarters of the night.These results differ somewhat from those reported from certain other localities in Java by other workers. There is, therefore, a need for careful repetition, in other areas, of studies of the bionomics and for experiments on the effect on a population of A. aconitus of applications of a residual insecticide.A. maculatus occurs in the hilly area in considerable numbers throughout the year, and there seems to be no great seasonal fluctuation. This species rests mainly on coffee and palm plants both by day and by night, but readily enters cattle-sheds at night. No blood-meals from this species were subjected to the precipitin test. It is suggested that the importance of A. maculatus in the transmission of malaria needs further investigation.Over 1,000 examples of A. maculatus and A. aconitus, taken in the hilly area, were dissected, but no malaria infection was found.A. vagus Dön. is present in the inland area in large numbers during the greater part of the year, with its peak from November to February, during the rainy season. It is more endophilic and endophagous than A. aconitus but is not considered important in malaria transmission.A. annularis Wulp has its peak in March, and A. kochi Dön. in May. A. barbirostris Wulp, A. subpictus malayensis Hack, and A. tessallatus Theo. were found only in small numbers. All these species are highly zoophilic in the areas studied; they are not considered important in malaria transmission.

THE RATE OF DIGESTION OF BLOOD IN MOSQUITOES. PRECIPITIN TEST STUDIES

1952 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 267-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. West ◽  
G. S. Eligh
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Pertinent Literature ◽  
Blood Digestion ◽  
Precipitin Test ◽  
Western Equine Encephalitis ◽  
Host Blood ◽  
Holding Temperature ◽  
Blood Meals

This paper describes the use of the serological procedure known as the precipitin test to study the rate of digestion of host blood in mosquitoes. In the laboratory, at constant temperatures, precipitin reactions were obtained on blood meals of Aedes aegypti eight days after engorgement when the mosquitoes were held at 11 °C. but only one or two days after engorgement when the holding temperature was 27 °C. Field studies with A. hexodontus in northern Manitoba also showed that temperature has a strong influence on the rate of blood digestion. Pertinent literature is reviewed and the limitations of the precipitin test are discussed. Until now little attention has been devoted in Canada to possible disease transmission by mosquitoes. Increasing interest in mosquitoes as vectors of the encephalitides and proved transmission of western equine encephalitis by Culex restuans in Manitoba suggest the importance of further knowledge of mosquito physiology.

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