scholarly journals Similarities in Contexts and Theorizing: Professionalism and Inequality

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Evetts
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Work Organization ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Professional Groups ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Professional Systems ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
Changing Role

For a long time sociologists of professions have differentiated Anglo-American and European contexts for professional work. The presentation will address this distinction and argue that processes of convergence now render such differences somewhat obsolete except in historical accounts. In addition the convergence of professional systems and of regulatory states is also generating new inequalities both between professional groups themselves as well as within the organizations in which practitioners work. The presentation will examine convergences and inequalities at the macro level. Aspects to be considered include the changing role of the nation-state, the internationization of markets, the increased significance of the work organization and the different logics of professionalism. The extent of convergence and continuing divergences will be explored and social inequalities indicated. Macro-level processes and procedures including the growth of ‘hybrid’ organizations and new forms of managerialism can constitute new types of inequality and forms of stratification both within and between professions. The historical starting points within Europe and nation-state differences in professional systems make convergences and inequalities both highly complex and extremely variable.

Occupation of the Volksbühne or the missing figure of the proletariat

Maska ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (200s3) ◽  
pp. 110-118
Author(s):  
Andrej Mirčev
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Production Model ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Tate Modern ◽  
General Opinion ◽  
Rosa Luxemburg

Abstract When in early 2015 it was announced that long-time director of Volksbühne Frank Castorf would be succeeded by the curator and director of Tate Modern Chris Dercon, theatre circles across Germany were infuriated. The general opinion was that this decision would lead to a radical deviation from the production model and the politics of Berlin’s famous left-oriented theatre. In the autumn of 2017, after the artistic group Staub zu Glitzer squatted the building declaring a collective directorship and turning the Volksbühne into a performative-discursive stage for discussions on social inequalities and gentrification, the situation was further antagonized. However, the occupation lasted only a couple of days as the squatters were soon evicted by police. In an essay ‘Towards the liberation of theatre’ written in the early 60s, Darko Suvin derives the thesis of socialization as that which is ‘truly revolutionary’. Suvin’s intention was to formulate a production model which ‘would be socialist in its structure and tendencies’ and aligned with the ideology of self-management. Using this concept, my text aims to test its epistemic potentiality to reflect on the squatting of Volksbühne. Is it plausible to invoke socialization in an attempt to articulate a discourse critical of commodification and precarisation? Can the occupation of the building on Rosa Luxemburg Square be regarded as a contemporary example of self-management?

Why England and not China and India? Water systems and the history of the Industrial Revolution

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terje Tvedt
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Investment Capital ◽  
System Factor ◽  
Historical Accounts

AbstractGlobal history has centred for a long time on the comparative economic successes and failures of different parts of the world, most often European versus Asian regions. There is general agreement that the balance changed definitively in the latter part of the eighteenth century, when in continental Europe and England a transformation began that revolutionized the power relations of the world and brought an end to the dominance of agrarian civilization. However, there is still widespread debate over why Europe and England industrialized first, rather than Asia. This article will propose an explanation that will shed new light on Europe’s and England’s triumph, by showing that the ‘water system’ factor is a crucial piece missing in existing historical accounts of the Industrial Revolution. It is argued that this great transformation was not only about modernizing elites, investment capital, technological innovation, and unequal trade relations, but that a balanced, inclusive explanation also needs to consider similarities and differences in how countries and regions related to their particular water systems, and in how they could exploit them for transport and the production of power for machines.

Gender and History in the Andes

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nonprofit Organizations ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
South American ◽  
Gender Theory ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Andean Countries ◽  
Feminist Perspectives ◽  
Female Bodies ◽  
Historical Accounts

In Andean academia, a highly conservative environment, gender as a category of analysis has been an elusive and poorly understood concept. Despite the fact that in many countries of the Northern Hemisphere (where Euro-American knowledge is constructed), as well as South American countries, historians and anthropologists working from feminist perspectives have used gender theory since the 1980s, it is only in the 2010s that Andeanist scholars have begun to fully acknowledge that almost all historical narratives (from the Pre-Hispanic, Colonial, Republican and Contemporary Periods) excluded women as actors in all-important historical processes. As many Andean countries reevaluate their national republican discourses while celebrating the bicentennial of their independence, this flaw has become more evident. Hegemonic and historical accounts of South American independence movements, which highlight critical events and important historical figures, have focused on male figures and republican ideals mostly based on masculine values. Disseminating history from a masculine viewpoint, these narratives ignore women and other marginalized social groups, including indigenous and Afro-descendant communities, and fail to recognize their role as agents of political change. Consequently, using these narratives in the construction of national identities and citizenship has created social inequalities. The exclusion of women and nonbinary gender identities from the narrative has been noticed and acknowledged not only by academics, but also by society in general. Therefore, academic institutions and nonprofit organizations have promoted the publication and investigation of gender topics in history. However, archaeology, an isolated discipline immersed in its own discussions and dynamics, has developed in its own way. In general, opportunistic discoveries of “great and powerful women” have positioned archaeologists (mostly men) and their interpretations of the Andean past and power in an uncomfortable position. How to interpret these contexts using societal models that envision female bodies and feminine collectivities in a perpetually subordinated role? How to understand them without the tools of feminism and decolonial and anthropological theory? How to construct complex roles for Andean women in the past from a place in the present where that seems impossible and unimaginable (or even subversive)? From an Andean political awakening that takes a deep historical perspective, gender theory is under (de)construction. The topic of gender and history in the Andes is not about placing some female figures and mixing them up in an already hegemonic history; it is about creating innovative visions of the past, where multiple historical voices from the past and present appear.

scholarly journals Needlestick prevention devices: data from hospital surveillance in Piedmont, Italy—comprehensive analysis on needlestick injuries between healthcare workers after the introduction of safety devices

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. e030576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Chiara Ottino ◽  
Andrea Argentero ◽  
Pier Angelo Argentero ◽  
Giacomo Garzaro ◽  
Carla Maria Zotti
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Structural Data ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Activation Mechanism ◽  
Safety Devices ◽  
Professional Groups ◽  
Specific Device ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Accident Rates ◽  
Training Programmes

ObjectiveNeedlestick and sharps injuries (NSIs) involving healthcare workers (HCWs) are worldwide under surveillance since long time; the implementation of the European Directive 32/2010 regarding the mandatory use of safety-engineered devices (SEDs) seems to have reduced the number of these accidents. Our surveillance investigated the frequency and the modality of SED-related NSIs in the Piedmont region to verify changes in the epidemiology of these events.MethodsWe analysed the exposure records of NSIs, device usage data and structural data of 42 acute care hospitals and compared conventional and safety devices. We calculated the accident rates per 100 000 needles and, as a measure of SED efficacy, the relative risk between the use of safety and non-safety devices with a 95% CI. We also described the dynamics of the NSIs and the most involved professional groups of HCWs, procedures and devices.ResultsTotal and specific device accident rates for 100 000 needles were lower with the use of SEDs. In 2015–2016, there were 1640 NSIs, with a decreasing absolute number during the observation period; 18% were SEDs related. Half of the total accidents with SEDs occurred in the patient’s room, and nurses were involved in 78% of the cases. The most involved devices were the butterfly needles and peripheral venous catheters, and the most involved procedures were venous sampling (40%) and phlebotherapy (16%). The exposures occurred mostly during the procedure, and 45% of the SED-related injuries occurred during the disposal of the device; 92% of the SEDs involved had a manual activation mechanism.ConclusionIn agreement with the results of other European studies, our results show that SEDs reduce the risk of percutaneous exposure of HCWs, but in introducing SEDs, we must select those with a higher level of safety (with a passive activation mechanism) and improve the healthcare staff training programmes.

A Not-yet-postcolonial Peninsula: Rewriting Spaces of Violence, Division and Diaspora

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-87
Author(s):  
Jini Kim Watson
Keyword(s):  
Korean War ◽  
Narrative Structure ◽  
Korean American ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Nation State ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The Korean War ◽  
Childhood Home ◽  
Historical Accounts

In his controversial 2001 novel,The Guest(Sonnim), Hwang Sok-yong tells the story of elderly Korean American Ryu Yosŏp, who embarks on a journey back to his childhood home in Hwanghae province, now North Korea. At once a spatial, temporal, and psychological return, the novel revisits the early years of the Korean War to unveil the truth behind one of the war’s most horrific crimes: the slaughter of 35,000 Korean civilians in the Shinch’on massacre of 1950. In particular, Hwang examines the arrival of the two “guests” of the title—Christianity and Marxism—during the colonial period and their subsequent role in the violence of Shinch’on. By making visible forms of political agency achieved through the assimilation of these two guests, the novel complicates the ideological binaries that appear to have arrested decolonization of the Korean peninsula. Watson’s article reveals how Hwang’s experimental, multivocal narrative structure rewrites usual historical accounts of the Korean War and division by attending to the spatialized production of regions, nation, state, and diaspora. It offers a rethinking of the congealed ideologies, stories, desires, and topologies of this not-yet-postcolonial peninsular.

scholarly journals Professional Self-Regulation and the Public Interest in Canada

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracey L. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
Consumer Choice ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Regulatory Change ◽  
The Public ◽  
Business Interests ◽  
Professional Groups ◽  
Professional Self ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Definition Of

The regulation of professional groups has often been justified as being in the public interest. In recent decades, policymakers in Anglo-American countries have questioned whether self-regulating professions have truly served the public interest, or whether they have merely acted in their own interests. This paper draws on legislative records and policy reports to explore meanings attached to professional self-regulation and the public interest in Canada by state actors over the past 150 years. The findings point to a shift in the definition of the public interest away from service quality and professional interests, towards efficiency, human rights, consumer choice, and in some contexts business interests. Changing views of the public interest contribute to regulatory change.

scholarly journals The Imperial mentality of Russia and Anglo-American research in Russian Studies of the 1980s and 2000s

2021 ◽  
pp. 104-111
Author(s):  
Elena Vasilievna Lapteva
Keyword(s):  
Political Behavior ◽  
General Characteristic ◽  
Russian People ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
American Research ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
The One ◽  
Life Behavior

This article is dedicated to the reflection of the topic of the Russian imperial spirit and its manifestations in the Anglo-American historiography of 1970 – 2000. The article relies on the works of the representatives of American Russian studies, from its major figures (Z. Brzeziński and R. Pipes) to modern representatives (A. Grigas). The author reviews the key positions of American researchers of Russia on the general characteristic of the imperial mentality that are inherent to the Russian people and determine their political and life behavior. Reference to the manifestations of the imperial spirit and its analysis in the modern period is important, as it allows seeing the history of Russia from an outside perspective, as well as carrying out a political-sociological and historical-chronological analysis to avoid similar mistakes in the future. The main conclusions are based on the works of Anglo-American Russian studies, which indicate that the study of imperial mentality, traditions, life and political behavior of Russia remains popular in the Western sector of Russian studies. On the one hand, it continues the tradition of American Soviet studies, while on other – separates from it and delves into the local and culturological research. However, the politological component retains its positions, and searches for the new topics and approaches. The author believes that these two trends would continue to be viewed in parallel in the Anglo-American Russian studies for a long time.

scholarly journals The role of socio-economic embeddedness in promoting cooperation in the workplace: Evidence from family-owned Italian firms

2021 ◽  
pp. 0143831X2110390
Author(s):  
John Geary ◽  
Andrea Signoretti
Keyword(s):  
Work Organization ◽  
Manufacturing Enterprises ◽  
Workplace Relations ◽  
Local Embeddedness ◽  
Technology Product ◽  
Edwards Model ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
High Level ◽  
Over Time

Workplace relations can be defined as cooperative when actors are satisfied that both their work organization and material concerns are met. However, cooperation is difficult to achieve and especially to maintain over time. A useful point of reference is the work of Bélanger and Edwards, who argue that technology, product markets and institutional regulations are necessary preconditions. Their model is derived mainly from studies of large, publicly-listed enterprises based in particular institutional (Anglo-American) contexts. In the present article the authors examine the case of family-owned, medium-sized manufacturing enterprises in Northeast Italy. Bélanger and Edwards’ model provides some but limited theoretical purchase in explaining the high level of ongoing cooperation witnessed in the case firms. In addition, the firms’ concentrated, financially patient capital and family-ownership together with their local embeddedness increase their commitment to their community and facilitate collaboration and investments in it. The authors term these features firms’ socio-economic embeddedness.

Making the Pacific, Making Japanese-U.S. Relations

2019 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-523
Author(s):  
Martin Collins
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Modern Project ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Interpretive Frame ◽  
Historical Accounts

This special issue of Pacific Historical Review, “Making the Pacific, Making Japanese-U.S. Relations: Science and Technology as Historical Agents in the Twentieth Century,” is guest edited by Martin Collins and Teasel Muir-Harmony. The special issue gives prominence to science and technology as sources of agency inextricably bound to the modern project—and thus bound to another expression of the modern, the nation state and its interrelation with other states. In the modern context, scientific and technical knowledge, practices, and things are fundamental to composing more robust historical accounts, including accounts of the nation state. This interpretive frame is vital in understanding the Japan-U.S. relationship in the twentieth century and the critical role of the Pacific Ocean therein. The special issue includes a preface from Marc S. Rodriguez, this introduction by Martin Collins, and articles by Daqing Yang on wireless telegraphy, Chihyung Jeon on postwar trans-Pacific air flight, Teasel Muir-Harmony on the U.S. spaceflight display at the 1970 Osaka World Exposition, and Colin Garvey on the international race to develop artificial intelligence.

International Cooperation, Transnational Circulation

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-89
Author(s):  
Valerie Deacon
Keyword(s):  
International Cooperation ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Nation State ◽  
World War ◽  
Occupied France ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Second World ◽  
National Borders

The rescue of downed Anglo-American aircrews in France during the Second World War highlights the transnational nature of this kind of resistance. From their training to their evasion, flight crews themselves experienced the Second World War without traditional national borders. Moreover, their successful rescue in Occupied France depended on the ability of civilian helpers to think transnationally and to operate with little regard for the nation-state. This article focuses on evasion training, rescue, and postwar attempts to honor civilians for their assistance to highlight these themes of transnational resistance.

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