scholarly journals Evaluation of etorphine reversed by diprenorphine for the immobilisation of free-ranging Atlantic walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus L.)

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Acquarone ◽  
Erik W Born ◽  
David Griffiths ◽  
Lars Øyvind Knutsen ◽  
Øystein Wiig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Induced ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Odobenus Rosmarus ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Agonist And Antagonist ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Casualty Rate ◽  
The Times ◽  
Induction Times ◽  
Free Ranging

To date no problem-free method exists for the immobilisation of free‑ranging walruses (Odobenus rosmarus). In the period 1989-2001, 69 immobilisations with etorphine HCl were performed by remote darting of 41 individual free-ranging adult Atlantic walruses (O. r. rosmarus), with body masses 633 ‑ 1883 kg, as a rerequisite for the attachment of radio tracking and dive recording instruments, and for studies of metabolism. Ten individuals were immobilised several times. We present data on these 69 immobilisations and evaluate the method. Full immobilisation was achieved in 58 cases (84 %). The animals were insufficiently restrained in 6 cases (9 %) and 5 animals died (7 %) following the immobilisation. The animals were fully immobilised and approachable after 5 min (n = 38, range = 1.9 ‑ 12.4 min, SD = 2.2) with a dose of etorphine of 6.1 μg/kg (range 2.4 ‑ 12.6 μg /kg, SD = 2.4). Induction time was negatively correlated with the dosage of etorphine. Etorphine-induced apnoea lasted 13.7 min (n = 36, range 17.0 ‑ 26.7 min, SD = 5.1) and was reversed by multiple doses of the antagonist diprenorphine HCl. The first dose of antagonist of 12.2 mg (n = 39, range 6.0 ‑ 21.0 mg, SD = 3.5) was administered 8.4 min (n = 38, range 4.7 ‑ 18.0 min, SD = 2.8) after injection of the agonist. The total dose of diprenorphine per animal ranged between 7.7 and 41.7 μg/kg (n = 31, mean = 17.2 μg/kg, SD = 7.5). For some animals blood pH values were measured following the apnoea and reached low levels (min pH 6.8). For animals that were immobilised several times there were no indications of changed sensitivity to etorphine as reflected in unchanged induction times. Mortalities could neither be related to the doses of agonist and antagonist, nor to the times of administration of the drugs. From this (n = 69) and other (n = 103) studies involving etorphine immobilisation of walruses (both Atlantic and Pacific) the overall success rate is 83 % (8 % casualty rate). We conclude that the combination etorphine‑ diprenorphine is suitable for both single and multiple immobilisations of walruses provided that (a) a casualty rate of 7-8% is acceptable (b) the antagonist diprenorphine is administered fast and well into a tissue with good blood irrigation, and (c) the animal is promptly intubated endotracheally to facilitate the restoration of breathing after drug-induced apnoea.

Is the Acidic pH of the External Auditory Canal Playing a Significant Role in the Treatment of Acute Otitis Externa?

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 2304-2305
Author(s):  
Oana Ruxandra Iana ◽  
Dragos Cristian Stefanescu ◽  
Viorel Zainea ◽  
Razvan Hainarosie
Keyword(s):  
External Auditory Canal ◽  
Otitis Externa ◽  
Proton Pumps ◽  
Acidic Ph ◽  
External Ear ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
The World ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissues ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Value Changes

Variable pH values for skin have been reported in the literature, all within the acidic range, varying from 4.0 up to 7. 0. The origin of the acidic pH remains conjectural, and several factors have been incriminated with this role, such as eccrine and sebaceous secretions as well as proton pumps. Keeping low levels of pH prevents microbial dispersal as well as multiplication. The skin in the external auditory canal is also covered with this acidic mantle with antimicrobial value. Changes of pH in the external ear can lead to acute otitis externa. This condition is defined by the inflammation and infection of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues of the external auditory canal. 10% of the world�s population may suffer from acute otitis externa at least once in their lifetime. This paper aims to consolidate the relevance of an acidic pH in the healthy external ear and its relation to the pathogenesis and treatment of otitis externa through a prospective and interventional clinical study on 80 patients who presented to the outpatient department at Prof. Dr D. Hociota ENT Institute in Buch

Homeostatic potassium excretion in fed and fasted sheep

1988 ◽  
Vol 254 (2) ◽  
pp. R357-R380 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Rabinowitz ◽  
D. M. Green ◽  
R. L. Sarason ◽  
H. Yamauchi
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Urine Flow ◽  
Plasma Aldosterone ◽  
Urine Flow Rate ◽  
Potassium Excretion ◽  
Adult Sheep ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
K Concentration ◽  
Filtered Load

In unanesthetized adult sheep, following intake of a daily meal, there was a peak in K excretion. The maximum and minimum rates of K excretion following meals were directly related to meal K content. On days without meals, no peak in K excretion occurred. Changes in K excretion on fed and fast days occurred without changes in the low levels of plasma aldosterone and were poorly correlated with urine or blood pH, urine flow rate, Na excretion, or the filtered load of K, but they correlated well with fractional K excretion. Plasma K did not change on fast days. Plasma K increased on some, but not all, fed days. Increases in plasma K that occurred on fed days were insufficient to account for the concurrent kaliuresis. Infusion of aldosterone or isotonic NaCl failed to alter K excretion in fed or fasted sheep. Infusion of isotonic NaCl + aldosterone hypertonic Na2SO4 + aldosterone increased K excretion in fasted but not fed sheep. Infusion of K in the rumen of fed and fasted sheep elevated rumen K concentration and led to increases in K excretion that could not be explained by increases in plasma K. The mechanisms responsible for the homeostatic changes in K excretion on fed and fast days were not ascertained but may importantly depend on sensors of enteric K content.

scholarly journals Effects of External Acidification on the Blood Acid-Base Status and Ion Concentrations of Lamprey

1988 ◽  
Vol 136 (1) ◽  
pp. 351-361
Author(s):  
LEONA MATTSOFF ◽  
MIKKO NIKINMAA
Keyword(s):  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Ph Response ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
The Difference ◽  
K Concentration

We studied the effects of acute external acidification on the acid-base status and plasma and red cell ion concentrations of lampreys. Mortality was observed within 24 h at pH5 and especially at pH4. The main reason for the high sensitivity of lampreys to acid water appears to be the large drop in blood pH: 0.6 and 0.8 units after 24 h at pH5 and pH4, respectively. The drop of plasma pH is much larger than in teleost fishes exposed to similar pH values. The difference in the plasma pH response between lampreys and teleosts probably results from the low buffering capacity of lamprey blood, since red cells cannot participate in buffering extracellular acid loads. Acidification also caused a decrease in both Na+ and C− concentrations and an elevation in K+ concentration of plasma. The drop in plasma Na+ concentration occurred faster than the drop in plasma Cl− concentration which, in turn, coincided with the decrease in total CO2 concentration of the blood.

The Role of CaCO3 Dissolution As a Source of HCO3- For the Buffering of Hypercapnic Acidosis in Aquatic and Terrestrial Decapod Crustaceans

1981 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. HENRY ◽  
G. A. KORMANIK ◽  
N. J. SMATRESK ◽  
J. N. CAMERON
Keyword(s):  
Hypercapnic Acidosis ◽  
Decapod Crustaceans ◽  
Blood Calcium ◽  
Partial Restoration ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Gecarcinus Lateralis

Blood calcium concentrations are elevated during a hypercapnic acidosis in the terrestrial crab Gecarcinus lateralis, but not in the aquatic Callincetes sapidus. The increase occurs concomitantly with a rise in blood HCO3- and partial restoration of resting blood pH values. It is believed that in G. lateralis that a source of CaCO3, possibly the shell, is being dissolved for buffering purposes.

pH Measurement Problems Affecting Assay of Carcinoembryonic Antigen

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack H Ladenson ◽  
C Elliott Bell
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Carcinoembryonic Antigen ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Electrode System ◽  
Acid Buffer ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Acetic Acid Buffer ◽  
Ph Electrodes ◽  
Commercial Kit

Abstract Measurement with combination pH electrodes of the pH of the dilute buffers used in a commercial kit (CEA-Roche) for assay of carcinoembryonic antigen resulted in pH values 0.1 to 0.3 unit lower than pH values measured on an electrode system with a capillary junction. If the pH values of these buffers were adjusted, based on such measurements, an error in the assay of 0.2 to 0.6 ng/ml in the 1.5-3.0 ng/ml range would result. We recommend that the pH of dialyzed samples and of the working ethylenediaminetetraacetate and ammonium acetate-acetic acid buffers be monitored with pH electrodes that have a capillary junction between sample and saturated KCl, as is true of most blood-pH instruments. We also recommend use of a 1 mol/liter rather than 2.5 mol/liter stock ammonium acetate-acetic acid buffer, because of the closer similarity of the pH of buffers at this molarity to those at 0.01 mol/liter.

scholarly journals The Metastability and Nucleation Thresholds of Ibuprofen in Ethanol and Water-Ethanol Mixtures

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdur Rashid ◽  
Edward T. White ◽  
Tony Howes ◽  
James D. Litster ◽  
Ivan Marziano
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Propanoic Acid ◽  
Secondary Nucleation ◽  
Metastable Zone Width ◽  
Zone Width ◽  
Primary Nucleation ◽  
Metastable Zone ◽  
The Times ◽  
Induction Times ◽  
Supersaturated Solutions

To investigate the crystallization of ibuprofen [((RS)-2-(4-(2-methylpropyl) phenyl) propanoic acid)] from ethanol and water-ethanol mixtures it is necessary to know the nucleation limits of its solutions. In the absence of crystals, nucleation will seldom occur below the PNT (primary nucleation threshold). If crystals are present, nucleation will seldom occur until below the lower SNT (secondary nucleation threshold). Below the SNT, crystals will still grow with negligible nucleation. PNT and SNT values (expressed as relative supersaturationσ) have been measured at 10, 25, and 40°C for ibuprofen in ethanol and in a range of mixtures of different ethanol (E)/water (W) ratios. The induction times were determined from observing the times to nucleate for a range of different supersaturated solutions at a given temperature andE/Wratio. As expected, lowering the supersaturation leads to longer induction times. In ethanol, the SNT values are small and thus the secondary metastable zone width (MSZW) is relatively narrow with a 1 h SNT relative supersaturation typically aboutσ~ 0.05. The 1 h PNT values are much larger with values forσaround 0.3. In aqueous ethanolic mixtures at 25°C, both the PNT and SNT decrease as the water content increases.

Electrochemical heterogeneity of the cochlear endolymph: effect of acetazolamide

1984 ◽  
Vol 246 (1) ◽  
pp. F47-F53 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Sterkers ◽  
G. Saumon ◽  
P. Tran Ba Huy ◽  
E. Ferrary ◽  
C. Amiel
Keyword(s):  
Inner Ear ◽  
Endocochlear Potential ◽  
Electrochemical Gradient ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Basal Turn ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
Electrochemical Heterogeneity ◽  
Inner Ear Fluids

The electrochemical composition of endolymph (EL) of two adjacent cochlear turns was studied in anesthetized rats. Differences in [K]EL, [Cl]EL, and endocochlear potential (EP) were found between the basal turn (165.6 +/- 3.0 mM, n = 14; 144.6 +/- 2.1 mM, n = 14;96.6 +/- 1.9 mV, n = 5, respectively) and the middle turn (155.7 +/- 2.5 mM, n = 15; 133.2 +/- 1.5 mM, n = 15; 87.0 +/- 1.6 mV, n = 6, respectively). The pH values of inner ear fluids were evaluated with 5,5-dimethyloxazolidine-2,4-dione: EL pH of either turn was not different from blood and perilymph (PL) pH. Acetazolamide (40 mg X kg body wt-1) reduced EP and [Cl]EL at each turn by about 20 and 6%, respectively, but [K]EL was unchanged. The electrochemical differences between the two turns persisted. Acetazolamide produced a 0.2-unit decrease in blood pH while the pH values of EL and PL remained unchanged. These results suggest the existence of an electrochemical gradient within EL from the base to the apex of the cochlea involving K+ and Cl- concentrations. H+ and HCO-3 do not appear to participate in this gradient, and the acid-base status in EL could be maintained both by active H+ transport into EL and by HCO-3 formation in the cochlear epithelium.

Behavior of Staphylococcus aureus in Cheddar Cheese Made with Sodium Chloride or a Mixture of Sodium Chloride and Potassium Chloride

1982 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 996-1002 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUSAN KOENIG ◽  
ELMER H. MARTH
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Starter Culture ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Cheddar Cheese ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Radio Immunoassay ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
And Storage

Stirred-curd Cheddar cheese was manufactured from milk artificially contaminated with < 1000 Staphylococcus aureus cells/ml. Lactic starter culture was added to the milk at the rate of 1.0 or 0.5% (v/v). Curds were divided and salted with either NaCl or a mixture of KCl/NaCl to achieve final salt concentrations of approximately 2.4 or 1.2%. Some portions of curd remained unsalted. Cheeses were analyzed for moisture and salt content and were stored at 4 or 10°C for 8 weeks. Bacterial counts and pH values were determined during manufacture and storage of cheeses. Unsalted cheeses had the lowest and the 2.4%-salted cheese had the highest S. aureus counts. Cheeses salted with KCI/NaCl had considerably lower S. aureus and non-S. aureus counts than did cheeses salted with NaCl. All cheeses made with 1.0% starter culture had appreciably lower counts of S. aureus than did cheeses made with 0.5% starter culture. Low levels (0.05 to 0.52 ng/g) of enterotoxin A were found in 16 of 17 samples tested with the radio immunoassay procedure. Presence of enterotoxin was not directly associated with the kind or amount of salt used to produce the cheese.

scholarly journals Challenges in Diagnosis and Management of Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reaction

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Manish Pradhan
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Drug Reaction ◽  
Drug Reaction ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Drug Reactions ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Culprit Drug ◽  
Cutaneous Reactions ◽  
The Times ◽  
Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reaction

Adverse drug reactions commonly involve the skin and represent a significant proportion of all drug‐induced illnesses. Most of the times, adverse cutaneous reactions are not severe and only a few are fatal. Real incidence of cutaneous adverse drug reaction is not known. Due to rampant and multiple drug use, there is difficulty finding the culprit drug, so diagnosis of adverse drug reaction and management becomes difficult.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document