scholarly journals Effects of External Acidification on the Blood Acid-Base Status and Ion Concentrations of Lamprey

1988 ◽  
Vol 136 (1) ◽  
pp. 351-361
Author(s):  
LEONA MATTSOFF ◽  
MIKKO NIKINMAA
Keyword(s):  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Ph Response ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
The Difference ◽  
K Concentration

We studied the effects of acute external acidification on the acid-base status and plasma and red cell ion concentrations of lampreys. Mortality was observed within 24 h at pH5 and especially at pH4. The main reason for the high sensitivity of lampreys to acid water appears to be the large drop in blood pH: 0.6 and 0.8 units after 24 h at pH5 and pH4, respectively. The drop of plasma pH is much larger than in teleost fishes exposed to similar pH values. The difference in the plasma pH response between lampreys and teleosts probably results from the low buffering capacity of lamprey blood, since red cells cannot participate in buffering extracellular acid loads. Acidification also caused a decrease in both Na+ and C− concentrations and an elevation in K+ concentration of plasma. The drop in plasma Na+ concentration occurred faster than the drop in plasma Cl− concentration which, in turn, coincided with the decrease in total CO2 concentration of the blood.

Electrochemical heterogeneity of the cochlear endolymph: effect of acetazolamide

1984 ◽  
Vol 246 (1) ◽  
pp. F47-F53 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Sterkers ◽  
G. Saumon ◽  
P. Tran Ba Huy ◽  
E. Ferrary ◽  
C. Amiel
Keyword(s):  
Inner Ear ◽  
Endocochlear Potential ◽  
Electrochemical Gradient ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Basal Turn ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
Electrochemical Heterogeneity ◽  
Inner Ear Fluids

The electrochemical composition of endolymph (EL) of two adjacent cochlear turns was studied in anesthetized rats. Differences in [K]EL, [Cl]EL, and endocochlear potential (EP) were found between the basal turn (165.6 +/- 3.0 mM, n = 14; 144.6 +/- 2.1 mM, n = 14;96.6 +/- 1.9 mV, n = 5, respectively) and the middle turn (155.7 +/- 2.5 mM, n = 15; 133.2 +/- 1.5 mM, n = 15; 87.0 +/- 1.6 mV, n = 6, respectively). The pH values of inner ear fluids were evaluated with 5,5-dimethyloxazolidine-2,4-dione: EL pH of either turn was not different from blood and perilymph (PL) pH. Acetazolamide (40 mg X kg body wt-1) reduced EP and [Cl]EL at each turn by about 20 and 6%, respectively, but [K]EL was unchanged. The electrochemical differences between the two turns persisted. Acetazolamide produced a 0.2-unit decrease in blood pH while the pH values of EL and PL remained unchanged. These results suggest the existence of an electrochemical gradient within EL from the base to the apex of the cochlea involving K+ and Cl- concentrations. H+ and HCO-3 do not appear to participate in this gradient, and the acid-base status in EL could be maintained both by active H+ transport into EL and by HCO-3 formation in the cochlear epithelium.

Cerebrospinal fluid in man native to high altitude

1964 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Severinghaus ◽  
A. Carceleń B.
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Regulation Of Respiration ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Peripheral Chemoreceptor ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
The Difference

CSF pH was shown in a prior report to remain essentially constant during 8 days of acclimatization to 3,800 m. In order to further evaluate the possible role of CSF acid-base equilibria in the regulation of respiration, 20 Peruvian Andean natives were studied at altitudes of 3,720–4,820 m. In ten subjects at 3,720 m, means were: CSF pH 7.327, Pco2 43, HCO3- 21.5, Na+ 136, K+ 2.6, Cl- 124, lactate 30 mg/100 ml. Arterial blood: pH 7.43, Pco2 32.5, HCO3- 21.3, Na+ 136, K+ 4.2, Cl- 107, hematocrit 49, SaOO2 89.6. In six subjects at 4,545 m and four at 4,820 m CSF values were not significantly different; mean arterial Pco2 was 32.6 and 32.3, respectively. The only significant variations with altitude were the expected lowering of PaOO2 to 47 and 43.5 mm Hg, and of SaOO2 to 84.2 and 80.7, and increase of hematocrit to 67% and 75%, respectively. The natives differed from recently acclimatized sea-level residents in showing less ventilation (higher Pco2) in response to the existing hypoxia, and less alkaline arterial blood. The difference appears to relate to peripheral chemoreceptor response to hypoxia rather than central medullary chemoreceptor. respiratory regulation at high altitude; chronic acclimatization to altitude; peripheral chemoreceptor response to hypoxia; CSF and medullary respiratory chemoreceptors Submitted on June 12, 1963

The Impact of Peritonitis on Peritoneal and Systemic Acid-Base Status of Patients on Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis

1994 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques J. Sennesael ◽  
Godelieve C. De Smedt ◽  
Patricia Van der Niepen ◽  
Dierik L. Verbeelen
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus

Objective To assess the possible effects of peritonitis on peritoneal and systemic acid-base status. Design pH, pCO2, lactate, and total leukocyte and differential count were simultaneously determined in the overnight dwell peritoneal dialysis effluent (PDE) and arterial blood in noninfected patients (controls) and on days 1, 3, and 5 from the onset of peritonitis. Setting University multidisciplinary dialysis program. Patients Prospective analysis of 63 peritonitis episodes occurring in 30 adult CAPD patients in a single center. Results In controls, mean (±SD) acid-base parameters were pH 7.41 ±0.05, pCO2 43.5±2.6 mm Hg, lactate 2.5±1.5 mmol/L in the PDE, and pH 7.43±0.04, PaCO2 36.8±3.8 mm Hg, lactate 1.4±0.7 mmol/L in the blood. In sterile (n=6), gram-positive (n=34), and Staphylococcus aureus (n=9) peritonitis PDE pH's on day 1 were, respectively, 7. 29±0.07, 7. 32±0.07, and 7.30±0.08 (p<0.05 vs control). In gram -negative peritonitis (n=14) PDE pH was 7.21 ±0.08 (p<0.05 vs all other groups). A two-to-threefold increase in PDE lactate was observed in all peritonitis groups, but a rise in pCO2 was only seen in gram -negative peritonitis. Acid-base profile of PDE had returned to control values by day 3 in sterile, gram -positive and Staphylococcus aureus peritonitis and by day 5 in gramnegative peritonitis. Despite a slight increase in plasma lactate on the first day of peritonitis, arterial blood pH was not affected by peritonitis. Conclusion PDE pH is decreased in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) peritonitis, even in the absence of bacterial growth. In gram-negative peritonitis, PDE acidosis is more pronounced and prolonged, and pCO2 is markedly increased. Arterial blood pH is not affected by peritonitis.

Effects of oral potassium supplementation on acid-base status and plasma ion concentrations of horses during endurance exercise

2005 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 466-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja M. Hess ◽  
David S. Kronfeld ◽  
Carey A. Williams ◽  
Jeannie N. Waldron ◽  
Patricia M. Graham-Thiers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Potassium Supplementation ◽  
Acid Base Status

Acid-base changes in the fetal lamb before and after lung expansion

1963 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 877-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. S. Assali ◽  
W. A. Manson ◽  
L. W. Holm ◽  
M. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Blood Oxygen ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Lung Expansion ◽  
Fetal Lamb ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Status ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
Near Term ◽  
Fetal Acidosis

The acid-base status of the fetal lamb was studied in near-term pregnant ewes subjected to spinal anesthesia. The status of the fetus was compared to its mother and the changes which occur after the fetal lungs were ventilated with oxygen or nitrogen were investigated. The results show that: 1) the fetus in utero is in a state of metabolic acidosis in relation to the mother, 2) the acidosis does not seem to be related to the fetal blood pCO2, and 3) the acidosis may be aggravated by hypoxia. fetal acidosis; blood pH; blood oxygen; blood carbon dioxide; hypoxia; hyperoxia; sheep Submitted on March 20, 1963

Respiration and Acid-Base Physiology of the Spotted Gar, A Bimodal Breather: I. Normal Values, and the Response to Severe Hypoxia

1982 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 263-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
NEAL J. SMATRESK ◽  
J. N. CAMERON
Keyword(s):  
Lung Ventilation ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Spotted Gar ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
Hypoxic Water ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Oxygen Difference ◽  
Co2 Excretion

In normally aerated water, at 20 °C, gar accounted for 42 % of their MOO2 from their lungs, while in hypoxic water (POO2 ≃ 12 torr) their entire MOO2 was from the lung, and O2 was lost through the gills. CO2 excretion in both normoxia and hypoxia was primarily via the gills. Lung ventilation increased 1150%, accompanied by an elevation of pulmonary perfusion from 5.9 to 12.1 ml.kg−1.min−1 in hypoxia, which accounts for the enhanced pulmonary MOO2. Cardiac output increased from 31 to 40.5 ml.kg−1.min−1 and systemic perfusion was maintained in hypoxia. The difference in acid-base status between pre- and post-branchial blood (PCOCO2, pH and total CO2), changed only slightly during hypoxia, but the oxygen difference reversed. Normal dorsal aortic (DA) POO2 was 23.8 torr, ventral aortic (VA) 20.3; during aquatic hypoxia the mean values were 21.9 and 22.6, respectively. Blood pressure rose in both the VA and DA in hypoxia but the branchial vascular resistance did not change. The oxygen transfer factor did not change significantly between normoxia and hypoxia. Anatomical studies of the gill microvasculature revealed a reduced and channelized lamellar circulation. No respiratory shunt pathways were found around the lamellae. The physiological and anatomical data indicated that the gar did not change lamellar perfusion or use shunt pathways to avoid hypoxic O2 loss.

EFFECT OF TIME OFF FEED ON BLOOD ACID-BASE HOMEOSTASIS IN PIGS DIFFERING IN THEIR REACTION TO HALOTHANE

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 427-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. SCHAEFER ◽  
H. DOORNENBAL ◽  
A. K. W. TONG ◽  
A. C. MURRAY ◽  
A. P. SATHER
Keyword(s):  
Base Excess ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Muscle Rigidity ◽  
Halothane Anesthesia ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
Base Stability ◽  
Breed Crosses

In an effort to elucidate physiological factors involved in the development of pale-soft-exudative pork, blood acid base status was assessed in swine from two genetic lines of pigs and their F1 cross. The lines consisted of: (1) pigs that reacted positively (skeletal muscle rigidity) to the respiratory administration of halothane (halothane positive (H+)) based on Pietrain × Lacombe breed crosses, (2) Purebred Lacombe pigs that did not react positively to halothane anesthesia (Lac) and (3) pigs which were the progeny of crossbreeding (C) between halothane positive and negative animals. In addition, time off feed prior to slaughter (0, 24 or 48 h) was imposed as a stressor in order to test response differences among the three lines. The venous blood PCO2, total CO2, bicarbonate ion levels, standard bicarbonate and base excess levels were found to be higher in the H + pigs compared to either Lac or C pigs. All pig lines displayed higher blood pH, total CO2, bicarbonate ion, standard bicarbonate and base excess yet lower PO2 at 24 h off feed compared to 0 h off feed. These data suggest that H+ pigs have a greater tendency toward hypercapnia and a blood base excess than either Lac or C pigs. In addition, the incidence of hypercapnia and blood base excess for H +, Lac and C pigs was greatest at 24 h off feed. Key words: Acid-base stability, pig genotypes, fasting

scholarly journals HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATIONS IN THE BLOOD OF INSECTS

1925 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 599-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Glaser
Keyword(s):  
Bombyx Mori ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Malacosoma Americanum ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Range Of Values

The range of pH values for the blood of grasshoppers and of houseflies is 7.2 to 7.6. The range of values for roaches is 7.5 to 8.0. The range for Malacosoma americanum is 6.4 to 7.4; and the range for Bombyx mori is 6.4 to 7.2. From the work of other investigators and from the writer's results, it is apparent that the pH of insect blood, in general, may vary between 6.4 and 8.0. In the forms observed no correlation exists between blood pH and age, nor between pH and metamorphosis.

scholarly journals THE EFFECTS OF SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN TEMPERATURE ON EXTRACELLULAR ACID-BASE STATUS IN A WILD POPULATION OF THE CRAYFISH AUSTROPOTAMOBIUS PALLIPES

1993 ◽  
Vol 181 (1) ◽  
pp. 295-311
Author(s):  
N. M. Whiteley ◽  
E. W. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Wild Population ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Co2 Solubility ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Austropotamobius Pallipes ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Acid Base Status

Between February 1990 and February 1991, a wild population of Austropotamobius pallipes (L.) inhabiting a large, shallow, freshwater pool in Staffordshire, central England, experienced environmental fluctuations in water temperature (1–21°C) and pH (8.2-9.5). Moulting was seasonal, with crayfish entering pre- and postmoult between May and August. Haemolymph pHa levels declined in the spring when temperatures increased from 8 to 18°C (deltapH/deltat=−0.013 pH units°C-1). This decrease was accompanied by a fall in [HCO3-] (of 4.12 mmol l-1) and [lactate] (of 4.71 mmol l-1) and a premoult elevation in PCO2 to 0.59 kPa. After ecdysis, when water temperatures and pH were at their maxima, pHa levels increased, they continued to increase as temperature fell in late summer, reaching 7.97 in intermoult crayfish at 13°C during September. This increase was accompanied by a decrease in PCO2 to 0.22 kPa at constant [HCO3-] (5–6 mmol l-1). Between September (13°C) and October (11°C) pHa fell to 7.87 with an elevation in PCO2 (of 0.18 kPa) and [lactate] (of 1.84 mmol l-1). As temperature continued to decrease (11–1°C), pHa remained unchanged despite an elevation in [HCO3-] by 2.4 mmol l-1 at constant PCO2. A mechanism accounting for the unvarying haemolymph pH values at low temperatures is proposed, stressing the importance of temperature-related seasonal changes in CO2 solubility and measured values for pK1′ in addition to adjustments in [HCO3-] and PCO2. These were apparently unaffected by changes in collecting and holding protocols.

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