scholarly journals Snow conditions and usability value of pastureland for semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in northern boreal forest area

Rangifer ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jouko Kumpula ◽  
Alfred Colpaert

We studied variation in snow conditions and selection of pasture area according to altitude by semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) during 1999 - 2002 in a pine forest area utilised by forest industry in the Ivalo reindeer herding district, northern Finland. Snow conditions were measured over the course of three winters along equilateral triangles (side 3.5 km) for three times per winter. The altitudinal selection of pasture area by reindeer was studied using GPS tracking data (10 977 locations) from 29 female reindeer. We observed that interannual weather variation mostly affected the depth, density and hardness of snow in the study area. At the forest landscape level, snow depth and density increased with altitude. Thinnest and deepest snow cover occurred on western and northern slopes, respectively. In contrast, forest harvesting did not seem to affect snow conditions. From spring to autumn, reindeer mainly used higher altitudes in pastures. In early and mid-winter, when snow conditions were easy or moderate reindeer still preferred higher altitudes, but in late winter when snow conditions and food accession were at their most difficult, they preferred lower altitudes. We conclude that especially the use of high elevation forestland pastures may become more difficult for reindeer if the global climatic change causes higher winter precipitation to the northern boreal forest area. In general, the low-elevation forestland areas have primary winter grazing value for reindeer but these areas are also intensively used by forest industry.Abstract in Finnish / Tiivistelmä:Lumiolosuhteet ja laidunten käyttöarvo poronhoidossa pohjoisella havumetsäaluella Lumiolosuhteiden vaihtelua ja porojen (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) laidunalueen valintaa maaston korkeuden perusteella tutkittiin vuosina 1999–2002 metsätalouden hyödyntämällä mäntymetsäalueella Ivalon paliskunnassa, Pohjois-Suomessa. Lumiolosuhteet mitattiin kolme kertaa kunakin kolmena talvena käyttämällä mittaukseen tasasivuisia kolmioita (sivu 3,5 km). Porojen laidunalueen valintaa korkeusvyöhykkeen mukaan tutkittiin käyttämällä porojen GPS seurannan aineistoja 29 vaatimesta (yhteensä 10 977 paikannusta). Vuosien välinen säävaihtelu vaikutti eniten lumen paksuuteen, tiheyteen ja kovuuteen tutkitulla alueella. Maisematasolla lumen paksuus ja tiheys lisääntyivät alueen korkeuden kasvaessa metsämaalla. Ohuin lumikerros mitattiin länsirinteillä ja paksuin kerros pohjoisrinteillä. Sen sijaan metsien käsittelyllä ei näyttänyt olevan vaikutusta lumiolosuhteisiin. Keväästä syksyyn porot käyttivät pääosin ylemmillä korkeusvyöhykkeillä sijaitsevia laitumia. Alku ja keskitalvella, jolloin lumiolosuhteet olivat vielä verrattain helpot, porot suosivat edelleen ylemmille korkeusvyöhykkeille sijoittuvia laitumia, mutta lopputalvella lumiolosuhteiden ja ravinnonsaannin ollessa vaikeimmat, porot suosivat alempien korkeusvyöhykkeiden laitumia. On todennäköistä, että erityisesti ylemmillä korkeusvyöhykkeillä olevat metsämaan laitumet voivat tulla vaikeammaksi käyttää poroille talvella, mikäli ilmastonmuutos aiheuttaa talvisadannan lisääntymisen pohjoisella havumetsäalueella. Yleisesti alemmille korkeusvyöhykkeille sijoittuvilla metsämaan laidunalueilla on ensisijainen talvilaidunarvo poronhoidolle, mutta myös metsätalous hyödyntää näitä alueita intensiivisesti.Abstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag:Snøforhold og bruksverdi som beiteland for tamrein (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) i nordborale skogsområder I perioden 1999-2002 studerte vi tamreinens valg av beiteområder ettersnøforhold og høyde over havet i en furuskog utnyttet av skogsdriften i Ivalo reinbeitedistrikt nord i Finland. Snøforholdene ble målt 3 ganger per vinter i tre vintre etter likebeinte triangler med side 3,5 km. Reinens beiting i ulike høyder ble målt med GPS-sporing av 29 simler på tilsammen 10 977 observasjonspunkter. Vi observerte at værvariasjonen mellom år mest påvirket snødybde og snøens tetthet og hardhet. I skogslandskapet økte snødybden og tettheten med høydebeliggenheten. Tynnest og djupest snødekke fantes henholdsvis i vestlige og nordlige skråninger. Derimot syntes ikke skogsdriften å påvirke snøforholdene. Fra vår til høst utnyttet reinen hovedsakelig de høyestliggende beiteområdene. Tidlig og midt på vinteren når snøforholdene fortsatt var lette eller moderate, foretrakk reinen fortsatt høyereliggende beiter, men på seinvinteren når snøforholdene og plantetilgjengeligheten var på det vanskeligste, foretrakk reinen lavereliggende områder. Ut fra observasjonene kan vi antyde at særlig høyereliggende beiteområder blir mindre tilgjengelig for reinen om det blir økt vinternedbør i de nordlige skogsområdene som følge av globale klimaendringer. Vanligvis har de lavtliggende skogsområdene størst beiteverdi for reinen om vinteren, samtidig som disse områdene også er de mest intesivt utnyttede hogstområder for skogsindustrien.

Rangifer ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena S. Jones ◽  
Michael P. Gillingham ◽  
Dale R. Seip ◽  
Douglas C. Heard

Woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in British Columbia have been classified into ecotypes based on differences in use of habitat in winter. Although recovery planning focuses on ecotypes, habitat use and selection varies within ecotypes. Our objectives were to compare habitat use and selection among previously identified woodland caribou herds at the transition zone between northern (Moberly, Quintette, and Kennedy herds) and mountain (Parsnip herd) ecotypes in central British Columbia. We developed selection models for each herd in spring, calving, summer/fall, early and late winter. Topographic models best predicted selection by most herds in most seasons, but importance of vegetation-cover was highlighted by disproportionate use of specific vegetation-cover types by all caribou herds (e.g., in early winter, 75% of Kennedy locations were in pine-leading stands, 84% of Parsnip locations were in fir and fir-leading stands, and 87 and 96% of locations were in alpine for the Moberly and Quintette herds, respectively). Using a combination of GPS and VHF radio-collar locations, we documented some spatial overlap among herds within the year, but use of vegetation-cover types and selection of elevations, aspects, and vegetation-cover types differed among herds and within ecotypes in all seasons. Habitat use and selection were most similar between the two northern-ecotype herds residing on the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains. This research indicates that habitat use and selection by caribou herds in all seasons is more variable than ecotype classifications suggest and demonstrates the value of undertaking herd-specific mapping of critical habitat for woodland caribou.


Rangifer ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Farnell ◽  
Norman Barichello ◽  
Katherina Egli ◽  
Gerry Kuzyk

Since the mid 1980's, the Aishihik herd of woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) declined from approximately 1500 to 583 animals. During the same period a nearby herd, the Wolf Lake Herd increased from approximately 664 to 1249 animals. This paper compares aspects of the ecology of these two herds to determine how these relationships conform to a general model of caribou population ecology described by Seip (1992). Comparisons include caribou demographic characteristics and distribution patterns, predator densities, abundance of alternate prey, human hunting and snow depth on caribou winter range. Ecological differences between herds were apparent in the ratio of prime bulls to cows, the abundance of moose (Alces alces), the occurrence of coyotes (Canis latrans), late winter snow conditions, and access to hunting. We hypothesize that the Wolf Lake herd was able to grow because wolves {Canis lupus) preyed mainly on the relatively abundant moose population. A highly clumped winter caribou distribution may have further reduced the impact of wolf predation on the Wolf Lake herd. In contrast, the decline of the Aishihik herd was accompanied by a relative scarcity of moose, few prime aged caribou bulls probably due to a more liberal trophy harvest, and wider late-winter dispersion that offered wolves greater access to caribou. The decline may have been exaggerated by the peak in the snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) cycle which may have temporarily improved wolf pup survival. We suspect that moose are normally the primary prey of wolves in the Yukon and that a decline in moose eventually results in their being too scarce to offer an economical prey choice, prompting a prey switch to caribou. Results of our analyses conform incompletely to Seip's (1992) model for woodland caribou population ecology, particularly because the Wolf Lake herd prospered where moose were relatively abundant.


2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-121
Author(s):  
Jing Wang ◽  
Peng Wang ◽  
Achyut Aryal ◽  
Xiuxiang Meng ◽  
Robert B. Weladji

AbstractThe habitat selection by animals depends on different environmental and anthropogenic factors such as the season, climate, and the life cycle stage. Here, we have presented the summer habitat selection strategy of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in the unprotected forest area from the northern arctic region of China. In summer 2012, we investigated a total of 72 used and 162 non-used plots in the reindeer habitat to record habitat variables. We found that the reindeer used significantly higher altitude, arbour availability, and vegetation cover area as compared to the non-used habitat variables. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that six principal components (68.5%) were mainly responsible for the summer habitat selection of reindeer such as the slope position, concealment, anthropogenic dispersion, arbour species, distance from the anthropogenic disturbance area (> 1000 m) and water quality (Wilks’ Lambda = 0.12; P = 0.0001). The local people are largely dependent on forest product resource in these regions, such as bees herding, collecting wild vegetables, hunting, poaching, and grazing. These activities highly influenced the reindeer habitat and its behaviours. This study thus confirmed that reindeers are forced to choose poor habitat in unprotected forest area with high human disturbance or interference. These factors should be considered by the concerned authority or agency to manage reindeer population in the wild.


Rangifer ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glen S. Brown ◽  
Frank F. Mallory ◽  
James Rettie

A preliminary examination was conducted of range size and distribution of female woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in northeastern Ontario. Annual and seasonal ranges were calculated using satellite telemetry data collected for 30 female caribou between 1998 and 2001. The mean annual home range size of collared females was 4026 km2. Seasonal ranges varied in size depending on time of year (P<0.05). Calving and summer ranges were significantly smaller than autumn and late winter ranges. Early winter ranges were significantly larger than calving ranges and smaller than late winter ranges. Overall, range sizes of female woodland caribou in northeastern Ontario were larger than those reported for caribou in other Boreal Forest regions across Canada.


Rangifer ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Berit Inga

The study was performed in four reindeer-herding districts (Sami villages) in northern Sweden. Reindeer herding Sami, born in 1950 or earlier, were interviewed about reindeer foraging behaviour on lichens and mushrooms, especially relating to non-summer grazing habits, and about characteristics of a good winter feeding ground. The informants claimed that lichens are preferably grazed in the wintertime, but that they also may be eaten in the summertime when the weather is cold and humid. Mushrooms were chosen in the autumn months August and September, but according to some informants mushrooms may also be eaten during late autumn (from Oct.) when frozen and under the snow. The reindeer herders had different names for lichens, which in general terms describe their appearance and habitat. For mushrooms they only used one Sami name. Ground lichens preferred by reindeer are Cladonia species, while the nitrogen-fixing lichen species such as Nephroma arcticum and Stereocaulon pascale were said not to be preferred by the reindeer. Snow conditions are very important, and the less snow (and the softer it is), the better. Habitats where reindeer herders know from experience that snow conditions tend to be problematic, e.g. in moist and open areas with small trees, are used early in the winter (Oct.–Jan.), before too much snow has accumulated. A good winter grazing area should have lichens. It is preferably a dry pine (Pinus sylvestris) forest heath with large, old and wide-crowned trees to shelter the ground from snow and thereby ease the cratering by reindeer. Abstract in Swedish / Sammanfattning: Renens (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) bete av lavar och svampar: Traditionell ekologisk kunskap bland renskötande samer i norra Sverige Studien genomfördes i fyra renskötseldistrikt (samebyar) i norra Sverige. Totalt 22 renskötande samer, födda 1950 eller tidigare, blev intervjuade om renens betande av lavar och svampar, renens vinterbete och om vad som karaktäriserar ett bra vinterbetesland. Informanterna hävdade att lavar företrädesvis betas under vintern, men även kan betas under sommaren då vädret är kallt och fuktigt. Svampar betas under höstmånaderna augusti och september, men enligt några informanter kan svamp även betas senare på hösten (från oktober) när den är frusen och under snön. Renskötarna har namn på lavar som i generella termer beskriver deras utseende och växtplats. För svampar använder de enbart ett samiskt namn, guoppar. Av de marklevande lavarna ansåg informanterna att renarna föredrar Cladonia-arter (renlavar), medan kväve-fixerade arter som Nephroma arcticum (norrlandslav) och Stereocaulon pascale (påskrislav) inte ansågs föredras av renarna. Snöförhållandena är mycket viktiga, och ju mindre snö (och ju lösare den är) desto bättre. Växtplatser där renskötarna vet av erfarenhet att snöförhållandena kan bli problematisk, t.ex. i fuktiga och öppna områden med små träd, används till bete tidigt under vintern (oktober-januari) innan för mycket snö har fallit. Ett bra vinterbetesområde ska ha gott om lavar. Det bästa är en torr tallhed (Pinus sylvestris) med stora och gamla träd med vida kronor som fångar upp snön som upplega och på det viset skyddar marken från snö, vilket gör det lättare för renarna att gräva.


2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 799-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan H. Bos ◽  
Fokko C. Klip ◽  
Hein Sprong ◽  
Els M. Broens ◽  
Marja J.L. Kik

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